IMD 1.17: 27/12/2009 19:57:20 kaypro 4 perfect writer lessons disk   юдд0>Ѓ2!д~·( OеН ъб#ГдН ъы Hello there! This is a master PERFECT SOFTWARE diskette. At present, this is your ONLY copy of a very valuable diskette. You should make a copy of this master diskette, and store it in a safe place. Instructions for making a copy are in the KAYPRO manual.  The copy will then be used for your day to day programming. This master diskette will only be used for making copies. A     ADDRESS MSSADVINTRO  EDITME1 MSS EDITME2 MSS EDITME3 MSS FILER MSSKAYPRO LRN`LESSON0 "LESSON1 u !"#$%&'LESSON2 T()*+,-LESSON3 e./01234LESSON4 56LESSON5 7789:LESSON6 5;<=>LESSON7 i?@ABCDELETTER1 MSS%FGH@address(Perfect Software, Inc. 1400 Shattuck Ave. Berkeley, CA 94709)  beginning of the secondЉparagraph, positioning theLESSON5 73456789LESSON4 /012KAYPRO LRNЂ=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLSPELLER MSS;KAYPRO LRNMNuADVINTRO ЂdefghijklmnopqrsTERMINALMSSOADDRESS MSSLESSON6 5:QRSTUVLESSON7 hWXYZ[\]^_`abcADVINTRO tTEXT2 MSSvе&!!!!!!:4ъ·( !!ЩЫЛяУнsЦы1ьЅыХЩйн{ЦыЫЛїУЙг~#г·ИOН!ыфНы!9Г©ы:жА!BК©ы!<юЂК©ыЇЙ!0! +!SPELLER MSSITEST MSSJTEXT1 MSSKTEXT2 MSSLTEXT3A MSSMеCRCKLISTCRCRTEXT3B MSSNTEXT4 MSS OTEXT5 MSSPTEXT6 MSS QеееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееГGъГ’ъГиъГщъГ!ыГ>ыГ8ыГ2ыГyыГ~ыГѓыГ€ыГЌыГ’ыГ—ыГ_ыГ¤ыЃ  0123456789-, .НtыЇ2:3ъ2НКы KAYPRO II 64k CP/M v 2.2 >Г!ъ2"!м2":OГдНtыНКы Warm Boot 1Н~ыНѓы!д"ь,ЕН€ыН’ыБ· Ю*ьЂ"ьКwъ >(№ВЅъЕНѓыБХ:ж!3К©ы!*Г©ыЫЛw!'М©ы:ж!6К©ы!-Н©ы·рж!5ъO ~Й:ж!9К©ы!EГ©ы!6Г©ы!9Г©ы:жА!9К©ы!?юЂК©ы!Eю@К©ы!9Г©ы:жА!BК©ы!<юЂК©ыЇЙ!0! +!  еwith C--F's and up with C--P's. Now use these four commands to play around a little. Try moving off the top of this screen and see what happens. When you go off the top or bottom of the screen, the text beyond the edge is shifted onto the screen so that your instructions can be carried out while keeping the cursor on the screen. >> Try to C--B at the beginning of a line. Do a few more C--B's. Then do C--F's back to the end of the line and beyond. If moving by characters is too slow, PE key, release it, then type the character. (The display echoes "Meta"; ESC is a substitute for the imaginary "meta-shift" key.) Thus, C--F would be hold the control key down and type F. You will often be asked to type characters to see how they work; don't actually do this, however, until you see >> at the left of the screen. For instance: >> Now type C--V (View next screen) to move to the next screen. (go ahead, do it by depressing the control key and V together). From now on, youy (not the best, but the most basic) is to use the commands Previous, Backward, Forward and Next. As you can imagine, these commands (which are given to Perfect Writer as C--P, C--B, C--F, and C--N respectively) move the cursor from where it currently is to a new place in the given direction. Here in a more graphical form are the commands: Previous line, C--P : : Backward, C--B .... Current cursor position еyou can move by words. ESC..F (remember, type F) moves forward a word and ESC..B moves back a word. >> Type a few ESC..F's and ESC..B's. Intersperse them with C--F's and C--B's. You will notice the parallel between C--F and C--B on the one hand, and ESC..F and ESC..B on the other hand. Very often Meta characters are used for operations related to English text whereas Control characters operate on the basic textual units that are independent of what you are editing (characters, lines, et'll be expected to do this whenever you finish reading the screen. Note that there is an overlap when going from screen to screen; this provides some continuity when moving through the file. The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place to place in the file. You already know how to move forward a screen, with C--V. To move backwards a screen, type C--Z. >> Try typing C--Z and then C--V to move back and forth a few times. SUMMARY ------- The following .... Forward, C--F : : Next line, C--N ALSO USE ARROW KEYS You'll probably find it easy to think of these by letter. P for previous, N for next, B for backward and F for forward. These are the basic cursor positioning commands and you'll be using them ALL the time so it would be of great benefit if you learn them now. >> Try doing a few C--N's to bring the cursor down to this line. Move into the line  ADVANCED INTRODUCTION TO PERFECT WRITER: You are looking at the Perfect Writer tutorial designed for those familiar with word processing. Perfect Writer commands are generally given by holding the CONTROL key (labelled CTRL) or hitting the ESCAPE key (labelled ESC). Rather than write out ESCAPE or CONTROL each time we want you to give a command, we'll use the following abbreviations: C-- means hold the CONTROL key down and type a character. ESC.. means type the ESCAcommands are useful for viewing screenfuls: C--V Move forward one screenful C--Z Move backward one screenful ESC..C--L 'Refresh' the current screen. >> Try ESC..C--L now. (You'll notice that it centers the screen where the cursor currently is.) BASIC CURSOR CONTROL -------------------- Getting from screenful to screenful is useful, but how do you reposition yourself within a given screen to a specific place? There are several ways you can do this. One waA     c). There is a similar parallel between lines and sentences: C--A and C--E move to the beginning or end of a line, and ESC..A and ESC..E move to the beginning or end of a sentence. >> Try a couple of C--A's, and then a couple of C--E's. Try a couple of ESC..A's, and then a couple of ESC..E's. Here is a summary of simple moving operations including the word and sentence moving commands: C--F Move forward a character C--B Move backward a character ESC..F s that can destroy a lot of text will save it, while the ones that attack only one character, or nothing but blank lines and spaces, will not save them. For instance, type C--N a couple times to position the cursor at some line on this screen. >> Do this now, move the cursor and kill that line with C--C. Note that a single C--C will kill the contents of the line, and a second C--C will delete the line itself, and make all the other lines move up. The text that has just disappeared is saved so, the message "Arg: 4" appears there. If no numbers are typed after the ESCape key, it executes the following command 4 times. For now, though, just type in numbers. For instance, ESC..8 C--F moves forward eight characters. >> Try giving a suitable argument to C--N or C--P to come as close as you can to this line in one jump. INSERTING AND DELETING ---------------------- If you want to type text, just do it. Characters which you can see, such as A, 7, *, etc. are taken by Perfect W Here are some of the delete operations: delete the character just before the cursor C--D delete the character that the cursor is positioned on ESC.. delete the word before the cursor ESC..D delete the word after the cursor C--C delete (kill) from the cursor position to the end of line ESC..K delete (kill) to the end of the current  Move forward a word ESC..B Move backward a word C--N Move to next line C--P Move to previous line C--A Move to beginning of line C--E Move to end of line ESC..A Move back to beginning of sentence ESC..E Move forward to end of sentence ESC..< Go to beginning of file ESC..> Go to end of file >> Try all of these commands now a few times for practice. Since the last two will take  that you can retrieve it. To retrieve the last killed text and put it where the cursor currently is, type C--Y. >> Try it; type C--Y to yank the text back. Think of C--Y as if you were yanking something back that someone took away from you. Notice that if you do several C--C's in a row the text that is killed is all saved together so that one C--Y will yank all of the lines. A way to tell if this is going to happen or not is the "+" which will appear on the line at the bottom of the screen. riter as text and inserted immediately. You can delete the last character you typed by doing . More generally, will delete the character immediately before the current cursor position. >> Do this now, type a few characters and then delete them by typing a few times. Don't worry about this file being changed; you won't affect the master tutorial, because this is just a copy of it in your Perfect Writer editing buffer. Notice that a "*" appeared in the line at the bott sentence Notice that and C--D vs ESC.. and ESC..D extend the parallel started by C--F and ESC..F. C--C and C--E are similar to ESC..K and ESC..E. Now suppose you delete something, and then you decide that you want to get it back? Well, whenever you delete something bigger than a character, Perfect Writer saves it for you. To yank it back, use C--Y. Note that you don't have to be in the same place to do C--Y; this is a good way to move text around. Generally, the commandyou away from this screen, you can come back here with C--Z's and C--V's. These are the most often used commands. Like all other commands in Perfect Writer, they can be given arguments which cause them to be executed repeatedly. The way you give a command a repeat count is by typing ESC..and then the digits before you type the command. (ESC..stands for "Universal argument".) The digits are echoed at the bottom of the screen slowly, just after you type them. Notice that just after you type ESCom of the screen. This means that the text on your screen is different than the text you read in, and hasn't been written out to a file. Remember that most Perfect Writer commands can be given a repeat count; Note that this includes characters which insert themselves. >> Try that now -- type ESC..8 * and see what happens. You've now learned the most basic way of typing something in Perfect Writer and correcting errors. You can delete by words or lines just as you can move by words or lines.   If it is present, whatever text is killed will be appended to whatever is already there. >> Do this now, type C--C several times. Now to retrieve that killed text: >> Type C--Y. Then move the cursor down a few lines and type C--Y again. You now see how to copy some text. FILES ----- In order to make the text you edit permanent, you must put it in a file. You put your editing in a file by writing or saving the file. If you look near the botton of the screen you will see a line  can do searches for strings (these are groups of continuous characters or words) either forward through the file or backward through it. To search for the string means that you are trying to locate it somewhere in the file and have Perfect Writer show you where the occurrences of the string exist. The command to start a search is C--S. Down in the echo area, you will notice "Search Forward For :" appear. Type in the string you want to search for (which will appear in the echo area also). WhWriter asks for a filename, type ERASE.ME, then type a . Note that the mode line has now changed to reflect the new file name. (Don't forget to ERAse the file after you're done.) If you forget to write out your work and try to read another file, Perfect Writer will remind you that you made changes and ask you whether to abandon them. (If you don't save them, they will be thrown away. That might be what you want!) You should answer with a "N" to keep your edited text or a "Y" to abandon it--------- If Perfect Writer sees that you have typed an or ESC..or C--Q or a C--X and have not typed the following character in the command sequence, it will show you the prefix you have typed in an area at the bottom of the screen. This line is called the "echo line"; it echoes numbers typed after a C--U, characters to be included in search strings, and some progress information when file I/O is going on. This is just the last line at the bottom. The line immediately above this is called tthat starts with "Perfect Writer 1.03 (Fill) advintro:" and continues with the filename B:ADVINTRO. This is the name of the permanent file in which the Perfect Writer tutorial is stored. This is the file you are now editing. Whatever file you edit, its name will appear in the same spot. The commands for reading and saving files are unlike the other commands you have learned in that they consist of two control characters. They both start with the character Control-X. There is a whole series ofen you finish, type the ESCAPE key and Perfect Writer will try to find the next occurrence of the string in your text. If no such occurrence exists Perfect Writer tells you that the string was not found. In addition, if you decide you really don't want to search after all, type C--G and Perfect Writer will erase the search string and cancel the C--S command. (More generally, C--G cancels any command; for example, if you mistakenly type or C--U when you didn't mean to, type C--G to flush th and read in the new file anyway. To make a new file, just C--X C--R it "as if" it already existed. Perfect Writer will echo "New File" at the bottom of the screen. Then start typing in the text. When you ask to write the file, Perfect Writer will really create the file with the text that you have inserted. From then on, you can consider yourself to be editing an already existing file. Another command is available to prevent retyping filenames all the time. C--X C--S saves the filehe MODE LINE. You may notice that it begins Perfect Writer 1.03 (fill) buffer: DRIVE:FILENAME -nn%- * This is a very useful "information" line. You already know what the filename means -- it is the file you have read. What the -nn%- means is that nn percent of the file is above the cursor. The "*" means that the editing buffer has been changed since the file was last written. You also know what the "+" means in relation to the deleting commands. SEARCHING --------- Perfect Writer commands that start with Control-X; many of them have to do with files, buffers, and related things, and all of them consist of Control-X followed by some other character. C--X C--W writes out to disk from the editing buffer C--X C--R reads a file from disk into the editing buffer In addition, each of these commands asks for a filename to use. Enter the name, and finish it by typing a carriage-return (). >> Go ahead and try that now; type C--X C--W, and when Perfect  This command just rewrites the editing buffer to whatever file name is in the mode line at the bottom of the screen. It may save some typing. One more immediately useful command is C--X C--C, which tells Perfect Writer you'd like to stop editing. (Think of it as an augmented C--C, which usually works in the operating system to get you out of programs.) This does NOT save your file. It will ask if you really want to quit if you have not written out the editing buffer, however. MODE LINE A     e prefixes.) If you are in the middle of a search and type the DELETE key, you'll notice that the last character in the search string is erased. >> Now type C--S to start a search. Type the word "search" followed by an . Notice where the cursor is positioned to. Now type C--S again, immediately followed by . Perfect Writer will search for whatever it searched for last time if no new string is given. The C--S starts a search that looks for any occurrence of the search stri@style(spacing 2 lines, indent 5 chars) @MajorHeading(EDITME2: Practicing Deletions) Mark Twain gave probably the best advice on writing and editing when he said "When it doubt, strike it out!" Of course, Mark Twain did not have Perfect Writer then to help him delete things. He certainly would be amazed at how quickly and neatly deletions from a text can be made now. No more having to work around lines that have been 'eX'd out'. No more having to write back IN something you have mistakenly sON ---------- You'll probably find that if you use Perfect Writer for a few days you won't be able to give it up. Initially it may take some getting used to, but remember that this is the case with any editor, especially one as powerful as Perfect Writer.  GETTING MORE HELP ----------------- In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to get youееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееее them. This takes the pressure out of learning about Perfect Writer. For example, you really only need to know FOUR commands to move the cursor anywhere you want (though it will be slow). Which ones are they? It could happen that you will never learn by heart all the commands Perfect Writer offers. But this is alright, because you really don't need to. Some of them you will probably use only rarely, but they are there if you need them. Have you removed the Command Summary card from your Userng AFTER the current cursor position. But what if you want to search for something earlier in the text? To do this you should type C--R for Reverse search. Everything that applies to C--S applies to C--R except that the direction of the search is reversed. GETTING MORE HELP ----------------- In this tutorial we have tried to supply just enough information to get you started using Perfect Writer. There is so much available in Perfect Writer that it would be impossible to explain it all hercratched over. (Perfect Writer temporarily saves all deletions larger than a single character.) As to the deletion commands, note that the Escape and Control commands share for the most part the same relationship here as they did for moving the cursor. That is, while a Control----D will delete the next character, Escape.....D will delete the next word. Again, you don't have to learn all the commands at once. A few to start will serve you well for a long time. GEЉ@FLUSHLEFT(@Include[CON:])Љ@style(spacing 2 lines, indent 5 chars) @MajorHeading(EDITME1: Learning the Commands) Probably the best way to learn the Cursor Commands is by remembering that the command character represents in most cases the action that the command is supposed to produce: i.e. "F" for forward, "B" for backward, etc. This is called a 'mnemnonic' relationship. Notice also that the CONTROL key commands and ESCAPE key commands are related, in that in many cases the ESCAPE Commands simply produce the same action Manual yet? This card is handy to keep near your keyboard. It provides a very quick reference to all of Perfect Writer's commands. r forward one 'word'. This relationship holds true for a great many of Perfect Writer's commands, not just those thaееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееe. However, you may want to learn more about Perfect Writer since it has numerous desirable features that you don't know about yet. The Perfect Writer User's Guide completely describes the commands presented in this tutorial, as well as the more sophisticated commands, modes, and editing features. There are several lessons in the introductory tutorial that you might find of use. Lesson 7 of the tutorial discusses the TWO WINDOW feature and some of its uses. This may be quite helpful. CONCLUSI only on a larger scale. For example, "CONTROL ----- F" moves the cursor forward one character, while "ESCAPE ----- F" moves the cursor forward one 'word'. This relationship holds true for a great many of Perfect Writer's commands, not just those that move the cursor. It is a design feature of Perfect Writer that will help you learn the commands quickly. As you have probably guessed, you don't have to learn all of the commands right away to begin using Perfect Writer. Learn them as you need  еееPERFECT FILER Perfect Filer is a full feature mailing list and information management system. Form letters and documents prepared with Perfect Writer as well as data files can be managed and prepared by Perfect Filer.  lessons are as follows:ЉЉ TEXT3B MSSЃTEXT4 MSS ‚ѓTEXT5 MSS„TEXT6 MSS …†FILER MSSееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееее@Style(spacing 2 lines, indent 5 chars) @Subheading(EDITME3.MSS: Practicing Moving Text) This is sentence ONE; it goes after the paragraph. This is sentence TWO; it will get switched. This is sentence THREE; it will stay put. This is sentence FOUR; where does it go? This is the last paragraph, which is going to be placed at the beginning of the text. That will be a trick. Actually, it is simple: Mark the boundaries, 'Wipe' the region, move the cursor, and 'Yank' it back!ser ManualЉyetеA      []=====================================================[] [] LEARNING TO USE YOUR KAYPRO CP/M OPERATING SYSTEM [] []=====================================================[] Welcome to your Kaypro II computer. This lesson will introduce you to the CP/M operating system which controls the Kaypro II. This is essential information which you should take time to acquaint yourself with. When you have finished, you should proceed to the first lesson dealing with Perfect Writer. The ly, filenames cannot be longer than eight (8) characters (though they may be as short as one (1) character), and they MAY NOT contain blank spaces or any of the following: > < . , ; : = ? * _ [ ] Some filenames will require an 'extension', which specifies the file 'type'. For example, all files created with Perfect Writer (that you will want to format and print) require the extension ".mss", which stands for 'manuscript source'. Be sure to choose a filename that will help you rec perform a wide variety of sophisticated operations, from word processing to spreadsheet calculating to records management. However, even before your Kaypro II can 'run' such software programs, it must know how to perform other, more fundamental operations, such as partitioning its internal memory, creating and managing files on a diskette, outputting information to a printer or a modem, and much more. This is accomplished by a separate program called 'Control Program for Microprocessors', otive B you would type the following: A>b: The screen would then display: B> To get back to drive A enter: B>a: NOTE: means type a carriage return after typing the command. It is possible while logged into one drive to reference files held on the other drive. For example, the command: B>a:menu indicates that you are logged into drive 'B', but are calling up the Perfect Software 'Menu' located on drive 'A'. ----------------------first thing you must know is how to 'scroll' through these instructions. The command that allows you to scroll the next screen of this text into view is the VIEW NEXT SCREEN Command: Control--V Execute this command by depressing the 'Control' Key and typing the lower case letter 'v'. Use this command to go to the next screen. A second command, the VIEW PREVIOUS SCREEN Command, allows you to scroll the screen backwards, bringing previous material into view: Control--Z all the file's contents. Some sample filenames might be: chapter7.mss mydiary.mss running.mss private!.mss Note that the filename extension is not included in the 8 character limitation for filenames. DISK DRIVE DESIGNATIONS When specifying filenames, it is always important to indicate the disk 'drive' on which the file is located. When working with the Kaypro II, your program diskette (e.g. Perfect Writer, Perfect Calc, etc.) will normally be on drive 'A' and the disketherwise known as 'CP/M' or 'CP/M Disk Operating System'. ................................................................. In a nutshell --> CP/M lets you 'operate' your KayPro II computer. ................................................................. WHAT DOES CP/M LOOK LIKE? The CP/M disk operating system comes on a diskette usually labeled 'CP/M Operating System' or 'CP/M Utilities'. This diskette may contain additional program files that have been supplied w------------------------------------------------ ...................................................................... NAMING FILES When working with your Kaypro II, you will be creating and manipulating 'files'. 'Files' are nothing more than documents that have been stored on your diskette. Each 'file' possesses its own 'filename', which identifies it to the CP/M operating system. A file cannot have just 'any' name. CP/M requires that they follow a particular form. SpecificalExecute this command by holding the Control Key and typing the lowercase letter 'z'. Take a few minutes to practice scrolling the screen forwards and backwards, finally returning to this point. WHAT IS AN 'OPERATING SYSTEM'? By itself your Kaypro II computer knows how to do very little. In fact, when you turn on the power, it can do little more than display a message asking you to insert a diskette. The diskette, of course, contains the 'software' program that allows the computer toith the Kaypro II (e.g. S-BASIC), but these need not concern us now. To use your CP/M put the CP/M system diskette in disk drive A (the main disk drive), whereupon CP/M will identify itself to you by displaying: " A> " on the screen. This symbol is a command prompt which indicates that you have turned on CP/M and are 'logged' onto drive "A". The logged drive contains the diskette you will automatically get information from or write information to. To switch from drive A to dr  te holding the files you create on drive 'B'. Specify files on drive B in the following manner: b:chapter7.mss b:mydiary.mss b:running.mss b:private!.mss The "b:", which IMMEDIATELY precedes the filename, indicates that the file is located on drive 'B'. If no drive is specified, CP/M will assume that the file is located on the drive to which the computer is currently 'logged'--normally drive 'A'. Note that the letter indicating the disk drive is immediately followed by a colon and nll be both printed and displayed on the screen.) To turn this option 'off', type 'Control--P' a second time. ................................................................. ----------------------------------------------------------------- EXECUTE PROGRAM To run another software program under CP/M you need only type the filename of the program's command file (Remember: do NOT type the ".COM" extension.) For example, to run Perfect Calc, whose command file is 'PC.COM', you would enter:  The "utility" programs we will present are: __________________________________________________________________________ STAT Provides STATistics on the space available on a diskette. . PIP Lets you copy files from one diskette to another. . COPY Lets you COPY and FORMAT a diskette. . SYSGEN Copies the CP/M "system" to a diskette {SYStemGENerator} INITDISK Formats a diskette for a computer other than the Kaypro II. . SETDISK Alry on your screen would look like this: A>dir A: PW SWP : MENU COM : PW COM : PF COM A: PP COM : PF DAT : PW HLP NOTE: The period which normally separates the filename from its extension has been omitted from the entries in the directory. Thus, when viewing a directory, you should mentally reconstruct it as follows: A>dir PW.SWP MENU.COM PW.COM PF.COM PP.COM PF.DAT PW.HLP To display the files on the diskette in drive B, you weed not be capitalized. WHAT CAN YOU DO WITH CP/M? There are several CP/M commands which you will be likely to use with your KayPro II. These fall into two categories: 1) 'system' commands which are available to you whenever either system prompt "A>" or "B>" is displayed on the screen; and 2) 'utilities', separate CP/M program files, which, to be used, must be present on the disk drive currently logged. The "system" commands we will discuss in this lesson are: ............. A>pc CP/M will load Perfect Calc into memory, presenting you with a blank spreadsheet ready to begin entering data. When executing a command program, CP/M surrenders system control to that program. Thus, the regular CP/M commands (i.e. those which you are learning in this lesson) will no longer work, until you have quit the particular program and the CP/M prompt 'A>' is again being displayed. ................................................................. -----------------------lows the Kaypro II to read a diskette formatted for . a different computer. . .......................................................................... Note: On your CP/M diskette all of these utility files are shown bearing the suffix ".com", indicating that they are 'COMmand' files. When specifying one of these files, you should OMIT the '.COM' suffix. For example, if you want to know how much space is available on the diskette in drive B, type: A>stat b: ould enter the command: A>dir b: If your file diskette, the one on which you had been writing files, were on drive B, the directory might look like this: A>dir b: B:CHAPTER7 MSS : RUNNING MSS : PRIVATE! MSS B:MYDIARY MSS If you want to have the directory printed, use the command form: A>dir b: Control--P 'Control--P' tells CP/M to direct all computer output to the printer, including whatever is displayed on the screen. (The directory wi.................................................... _________________________________________________________________ . . . DIR Provides a DIRectory of files on a diskette. . . TYPE TYPEs (displays) a document file to the screen. . . ERA ERAses a specified file. . . REN RENames a specified file. . ................................................................. NOT A>stat.com b: The 'SYSTEM' COMMANDS ................................................................. _________________________________________________________________ DIR (DIRectory) What's on a diskette? To find out what files are on a diskette use the DIR command. Enter: A>dir This command tells your Kaypro II to display the names of all files located on the diskette in drive A. If the Perfect Writer diskette were on drive A, the directoA     ------------------------------------------ REN (Rename) REN provides a quick and easy way of changing the name of a file. For example, the command: A>ren newname.mss=oldname.mss ^ ^ replacement name to be replaced causes the file 'oldname.mss', located on drive 'A', to be renamed as 'newname.mss'. Note that the old (or original) file name is placed to the RIGHT of the equal sign, and the new file name is placed to the LEFT. Following a name chang To examine a diskette on drive B, type: A>stat b: CP/M will respond with the message: B: R/W, SPACE: 142K indicating that available "read-write" space totals 142K bytes. Your KayPro diskettes have 191K bytes of storage each. STAT will also display how much space a particular file occupies. The Command form is: A>stat b:thisfile.mss CP/M will respond with (for example): RECS BYTS EX ACC D FILENAME.TYP 7 4K 1 R/W B Before erasing all the files on the diskette, CP/M will ask: "Erase all files (Y/N)?" This confirmation is requested to insure that you are aware of the (rather drastic) consequences of the command. ................................................................. ----------------------------------------------------------------- TYPE (Display File) TYPE allows you to inspect a document directly from CP/M without having to enter Perfect Writer. For example, the command: files. For example, you will often need to know how much free space remains on a diskette, for should there be insufficient space for a file you are creating, all or part of the file may be lost when you attempt to save it. The CP/M command program that provides you with information on the 'status' of a diskette is "STAT". The STAT command displays the vital 'statistics' of a diskette, that is, how much storage space has been allotted to various files, and how much free storage space remains.e, only the new (or replacement) file name will appear on the disk directory. To change the name of a file located on the diskette in drive 'B', use the command form: A>ren b:newname.mss=b:oldname.mss ................................................................. ----------------------------------------------------------------- ERA (Erase) You will often want to free-up diskette space by deleting old, unwanted files. The CP/M command to do this is ERA. For example THISFILE.MSS In this display: "RECS" indicates the number of 128 byte records used by the file. "BYTS" means the length of the file in bytes. "EX" indicates the number of 'logical extents' taken up by the file. (A logical extent consists of 16K bytes of disk space.) "ACC" stands for the "accessibility of the file--whether it is 'read-only' or 'read-write'". "D" is the drive name. (NOTE: "Bytes" is the figure you will generally be most interested A>type b:thisfile.mss causes the contents of "thisfile.mss", located on drive B, to be scrolled across the screen. To temporarily halt the scroll, type: CTRL--S To resume scrolling hit any key. To quit prior to reaching the end of the document, type: CTRL--C ...................................................................... ...................................................................... CP/M 'UTILITY' PROGRAMS --------------------- For example, the command: A>stat instructs CP/M to examine the diskette in drive A and respond with the message: A:R/W, SPACE : 20k indicating that on this particular diskette in drive A 20K bytes of free storage remain (20K bytes represents 20,000 characters, roughly equivalent to 15 or 20 pages of double spaced text). As well, this space is designated "read-write" (R/W), meaning you can read or write to it (in contrast to R/O which indicates "read-only"). , the command: A>era b:thisfile.mss erases "thisfile.mss" on the diskette in drive B. Clearly, you will want to use this command CAUTIOUSLY. ERA can also erase groups of files. For example, the command: A>era *.mss erases all files on the diskette in drive A having names ending with the '.MSS' extension. The asterisk "*" is used like a 'wild card' to represent all filenames. Finally, to erase all files on a disk, use the command form: A>era *.* -- Note: The following utility programs can be used only when their command files are present on the currently logged drive. ----------------------------------------------------------------- ................................................................. STAT (STATistics) Filename: 'STAT.COM' Like every computer, your KayPro II has a limited amount of disk storage. You will need to keep track of the space available on your diskettes in order to effectively manage your programs and    in.) STAT will also display statistics of any identifiable group of files. For example, the command A>stat *.com will display the amount of space occupied by all the files on drive A whose file names have the extension ".com"--e.g., STAT.COM, PIP.COM, PW.COM, etc. Finally, you can use the wild card symbol "*" to have STAT display the status of all files on a diskette. A>stat *.* STAT will respond with a display like this: Recs Bytes Ext Acc ette in drive B, afterwards copying to B the contents of drive A. At the end of the operation the CP/M operating system is installed on the B diskette. B BLANK --- This option formats the diskette in drive B, afterwards installing CP/M onto the diskette. O OTHER --- This option allows several other options for use by programmers. Several of these assume some technical expertise. E EXIT ---- This option returns you to CP/M. Before selecting it, be sure a diskette containing CP/t have to be repeated if it is to remain the same at its destination. Also, as with the REN command, the destination (drive B) is placed to the LEFT of the equals sign, while the source (drive A) is placed to the RIGHT. It is easy to change the name of a file while you are copying it, as in this command: A>pip b:thatfile.mss=a:thisfile.mss Here PIP copies "thisfile.mss" on drive A to drive B, simultaneously changing its name to "THATFILE.MSS". You now have two copies of the sap" each time. When you have no more files you wish to transfer, type a and you will be back to your system prompt. For example: A>pip *b:thisfile.mss=a:thatfile.mss *b:newfile.mss=a:oldfile.mss * Final Note: Though PIP can be used to copy all files and programs on a diskette, it will not copy the CP/M system itself. To transfer the CP/M system, use SYSGEN (see below). ______________________________________________________________________ ..........................171 22k 2 R/W A:MENU.COM 268 34k 3 R/W A:PW.COM 41 6k 1 R/W A:PW.HLP 520 66k 5 R/W A:PW.SWP If the listing is longer than one screenful, use 'Control--S' to temporarily halt the display, afterwards hitting any key to continue. ................................................................. ----------------------------------------------------------------- PIP (File Copying) Filename: 'PIP.COM' PIP, or 'Peripheral Interchange Program', is the CP/M uM is in drive A. To copy a diskette, select 'C'. CP/M will present a second message instructing you to insert the diskette to be copied into drive A and the diskette to be copied TO into drive B. Hit 'RETURN' to begin the process. When the copying is complete, the CP/M system is automatically installed on the diskette in drive B, thus allowing this diskette to 'boot up' or 'cold start' the computer. You can also choose to have CP/M automatically execute any command program that is preme file, each with a different name. To rename and copy a file on the same diskette, use the command: A>pip b:thatfile.mss=b:thisfile.mss To copy an entire disk, use the command form: A>pip b:=a:*.* PIP will copy the entire contents of the diskette on drive A to the diskette on drive B, leaving the contents of drive A untouched. (Again, note the use of the '*' as a wild card). When executing this copy routine, it is best to use an empty diskette as the dest............................................ COPYING, FORMATTING, INSTALLING CP/M Filename: 'COPY.COM' 1. COPYING It is important to get in the habit of making backup copies of your important diskettes. Usually the easiest way to do this is by using the COPY utility program. All you need to do is place the main CP/M system diskette in drive A and enter: A>copy CP/M will display the main COPY menu, offering four choices: C COPY ---- This option formats the disktility program used for copying individual files and programs from one diskette to another, or onto free space on the same diskette. To copy a file from one diskette to another, use the command form: A>pip b:=a:thisfile.mss -- -------------- ^ ^ {destination} {source} In this command 'thisfile.mss', which is located on drive 'A', is being copied to drive 'B'. Note that the file name does noination, since there must be enough space to receive the material being transferred. (When copying an entire diskette it will probably be faster to use the COPY utility described below.) If you wish to copy more than one file, you can save time by using a variation of the PIP command as follows: A>pip Your screen will respond with an asterisk ( * ) on the next line. You may then copy as many files as you wish using the same form described above but without typing "piA     sent on the new diskette. For example, if you have just copied the Perfect Writer Edit Diskette you can select 'MENU.COM' as the program which will automatically be executed each time the computer boots up. This eliminates the need for typing A>menu each time you want to begin using Perfect Writer. 2. FORMATTING When you open a box of new diskettes the first thing you must do is format each diskette so that it can be used on your KayPro II. It is a good practice to format a. The options are: 0 Kaypro II 1 Osborne I (SD) 2 Osborne I (DD) 3 Xerox 820 (SD) 4 Xerox 820-II (DD) 5 TRS-80 Mod I (SD) Suppose your friend, who owns an Osborne I (single density), wants to work with a file you have created with your Kaypro II. Normally, there would be no way of interchanging a diskette, since each computer uses a different disk format. However, with INITDISK you can prepare a formatted diskette that can be used by the Osborne I (SD), afterwards copying Kayprormatting process is complete, CP/M returns you to the main COPY menu, ready to format another diskette. ______________________________________________________________________ ...................................................................... SYSGEN (CP/M SYStem GENerator) SYSGEN is a special program used to install the CP/M operating system on a diskette. It is used for occassions when COPY cannot be used--that is, when formatting is not necessary and the existing files on a diskett DESTINATION ON B THEN TYPE RETURN Again, this command-prompt tells you to insert the diskette to which the CP/M system will be copied into drive B. When the diskette is in place type a carriage return. SYSGEN now copies the CP/M "system" from machine memory to the destination diskette on drive B, displaying the message: FUNCTION COMPLETE followed immediately by: DESTINATION DRIVE NAME (OR RETURN TO REBOOT). meaning that SYSGEN is ready to copy the CP/M program onto another dill the disks in the box as soon as you open it! This reduces the possibility of being stuck without a formated diskette and eliminates any confusion about Did-I-Format-This-Diskette-Or-Not? Formating is easy to do. Put your CP/M Utilities diskette in drive A and the diskette to be formatted in drive B. Press the RESET button. When the 'A>' prompt appears enter the command: A>copy CP/M will display the main menu for the Kaypro II 'copy' program, presenting the four opo II files to that diskette using PIP (see above). Your friend will then be able to work with your file on the Osborne. To initialize a diskette in this manner, enter: A>initdisk CP/M displays the above selections. Type the number of the computer for which you wish to format the diskette, followed by a carriage return. For example, to format for a TRS-80 Mod I, type "5" CP/M will ask you to insert the diskette to be formatted into drive B. Hit a carriage return toe must be preserved. The command for SYSGEN is as follows: A>sysgen This calls up the SYSGEN program, which, when loaded and ready to execute, responds with: SYSGEN VERSION x.x. SOURCE DRIVE NAME (OR RETURN TO SKIP) Here SYSGEN identifies itself (i.e., "SYSGEN VERSION x.x") and asks for the name of the "source drive" from which the CP/M program is to be copied. If you type 'a', SYSGEN responds with: SOURCE ON A THEN TYPE RETURN This command-prompt requesskette, if you wish. To terminate the copying process hit . SYSGEN returns you to CP/M control: A> ________________________________________________________________ ................................................................. INITDISK and SETDISK Filenames: 'INITDISK.COM' and 'SETDISK.COM' Two very special program files provided with your Kaypro II are 'INITDISK' and 'SETDISK, which allow you to format and use diskettes for use with computers OTHER than your Kaypro IItions we have just examined above. Select 'B' for 'Blank'. CP/M will respond with a message explaining that the diskette in drive B is about to be formatted, and that all existing data on it will be erased. Following formatting the CP/M system will be installed on the diskette, thus allowing the diskette to 'boot up' or 'cold start' the computer. Type Return to begin the formatting process. CP/M will immediately begin formatting 'tracks' and 'sectors' on the diskette. When the fts that you put the diskette containing CP/M onto drive A (or onto whatever drive you previously specified will be the "source"). When you have completed this, type a carriage return. SYSGEN responds with: FUNCTION COMPLETE which means that SYSGEN has copied the CP/M "system" from the source diskette to machine memory. It is now ready to transfer it to whatever new diskette you specify. It asks you for the "destination": DESTINATION DRIVE NAME: Enter 'b'. SYSGEN responds:    start the formatting. When the formatting is finished, exit to the CP/M 'A>' prompt and type the following: A>setdisk 1 In this command you are telling CP/M to set disk drive B to option #1, the format used by the Osborne I (SD). CP/M will respond with the message: "Drive B is set to Osborne I (SD)" Following this message CP/M will 'warm boot' the computer and return you to CP/M. Disk drive B will now act like an Osborne single density drive--until you hit the to the next screen. (Go ahead, do it by depressing the control key and V together). From now on, you'll be expected to do this whenever you finish reading the screen. Note that there is an overlap when going from screen to screen; this provides some continuity when moving through the file. The first thing that you need to know is how to move around from place to place in the file. You already know how to move forward a screen, with C--V. To move backwards a screen, type C--zing the new diskette. If you do not use this 'initializing' routine each time you insert a new diskette you RISK LOSING DATA!! (Note: BE AWARE that 'resetting' will clear machine memory. Any data not previously saved to diskette will be lost!) ________________________________________________________________ ................................................................ WRITE-PROTECT TABS None of your Perfect Software 'working' diskettes should be 'write-protected'. That  LEARNING TO USE PERFECT WRITER You are looking at the LESSONS DISK that we've designed to teach you how to use Perfect Writer through several self-study lessons. This LESSONS DISK is designed for the person who has no previous experience with word processing. Perfect Writer commands are generally given by holding the CONTROL key (labelled CTRL) or hitting the ESCAPE key (labelled ESC). Rather than write out ESCAPE or CONTROL each time we want you to give a command, we'll use the folle reset button, or change the disk drive back to the Kaypro II format using SETDISK. You can now PIP your file to the newly formatted 'Osborne' diskette in drive B, afterwards presenting it to your friend to use on his or her Osborne I. ---------------------------------------------------------------- ................................................................ INITIALIZING A DISKETTE When changing or adding diskettes it is VERY important to inform the CP/M system, through a process cZ. Try typing C--Z and then C--V to move back and forth a few times. SUMMARY ------- The following commands are useful for viewing screenfuls: C--V Move forward one screenful C--Z Move backward one screenful ESC..C--L 'Refresh' the current screen. Try typing an ESCape Control--L now. (You'll notice that it moves the text vertically, so the cursor is in the center.) Perfect Writer is an easy-to-use word processor. You should be able to teach yourself his to say, some diskettes come with a small notch on the side of the diskette, which is used to signal whether the disk can be written to, or whether the information it contains is 'read/only' (R/O). When this notch is covered with a protective tab, the diskette is considered to be 'write-protected', and your CP/M disk operating system will not allow any information to be written to the diskette. All of the Perfect Software programs 'swap' data back and forth to diskette as a part of their normowing abbreviations: C-- means hold the CONTROL key down and type a character. ESC.. means type the ESCAPE key, release it, then type the character. (The Meta displayed in the echo line stands for "Meta-command"; ESC is a substitute for the imaginary "meta-shift" key.) Thus, C--F would mean hold the control key, and type F. You will often be asked to type characters to see how they work. Now type C--V (View next screen) to movalled 'initializing', that a new or different diskette is being used. There are two ways to initialize a diskette: 1) 'Resetting' or 'cold booting' the computer. 2) 'Warm booting' the computer by typing 'Control--C'. For example, suppose you are logged to drive A (the 'A>' prompt is being displayed). To initialize a new diskette in drive B, either press the 'RESET' button at the rear of the machine, or type 'Control--C'. Both actions cause the machine to reboot, thus initialial operation. Should the diskette be 'write-protected' the programs will not be able to function properly, resulting in 'BDOS ERROR Bad Sector' messages. Therefore, peel-away all 'write-protect' tabs which may be covering the small write-protect notch on the sides of both your working diskettes and the diskettes which will hold the files you create. Perfect Software, Inc. WRITE-PROTECT TABS None of your Perfect Software 'working' diskettes should be 'write-protected'. That A     ow to use it by reading through the following seven lessons. The lessons are designed to be read by you at your own pace and convenience while sitting at a computer. The contents of the lessons are as follows: Lesson 1: Getting Started This lesson shows you how to type in text, and the commands used to move the cursor around and delete and insert text. Lesson 2: Moving Around Faster This lesson introduces commands for movi Lesson 1: Getting Started Perfect Writer is a powerful user-friendly word processor especially designed for personal computers. In many ways, it makes your computer similar to a modern office typewriter. During this first lesson, you should be getting used to typing on your computer. In this set of lessons we will be learning how to edit a file. When you start up Perfect Writer, you are presented with the Main Selection Menu. In order to edit a file, you select operation. Commands which change the case of words are also explained. Lesson 7: Multiple Files and Dual Window Display This lesson shows how to use the dual window display and multiple editing buffers. When you are finished with this introduction to the Teaching Disk, enter: C--X C--R and answer 'lesson1' when asked, "File to Read :" This will take you directly to Lesson 1. If you want to exit and come back later, then eеng around the text faster. Lesson 3: Reading, Writing and Printing Files This lesson explains the computer file system and how Perfect Writer uses it to store text. Commands for reading, writing and printing files are demonstrated. At this point, the user will be able to use Perfect Writer effectively for simple document preparation. Lesson 4: Searching option E from this menu. Perfect Writer responds by asking you for the name of the file you wish to edit. If you are creating a new file, simply type a carriage return. (Perfect Writer will supply a default file name, "-NAME.ME".) However, if you are editing an existing document file, then you will have to provide the file name followed by a carriage return. When you are finished, Perfect Writer will begin to run, and you will notice some buzzing over at the disc drives. Your terminnter: C--X C--C When you wish to restart with Lesson 1, then simply enter: A>pw B:lesson1 {from CP/M} or Select E from the main menu and supply the filename "B:lesson1".  are provided. buffers. When you are finished with this introduction to the Teaching Disk, enter: C--X C--R and answer 'lesson1' when asked, "File to Read :" This will take you directly to Lesson 1. If you want to exit and come back later, then eе This lesson introduces the search and replace commands. Lesson 5: Copying and Moving Text This lesson introduces the delete and restore commands. Several examples of text movement are provided. Lesson 6: Word Processing Commands This lesson explains the command used for "filling" paragraphs of text and the commands used to set parameters which control this е  al screen will be blanked in preparation for your typing. A single line will appear at the bottom of your screen, something like: Perfect Writer 1.03 (Fill) -name:-NAME.ME -0%- which tells you that Perfect Writer is ready. Let's practice starting up Perfect Writer now. Be sure you remember what you need to do to get back to here. You might want to write a note for yourself, if you're unsure. Begin by entering: C--X C--C When the Main Selection menu is presented, enter: E forz" has disappeared from the screen, and the cursor has moved backward a space, to right after the "r". Type an "s" now, and the word "typewriters" will become correct. It truly IS very much like using a typewriter. Suppose we realize that we had forgotten to type some word before the word "typewriters". Just hit the DELETE key enough times to erase the word "typewriters". (Go ahead and do that now, delete "typewriters".) Next type: most typewriters and stop. The line now reads "BREPEAT command (or Escape Key followed by a digit for the number of repetitions) and the ENLARGE WINDOW command (Control--X ^) to increase the size of the bottow window by 4 lines. Enter: ESC..4 C--X ^ (Note that the ^ character is located above the 6 on your keyboard.) and then return to the top window with the OTHER WINDOW command: C--X O [When cursor is in top window, type C--X C--V to scroll up.] Let's begin by typing on the keyboard. Type the four words: pward, if you type enough text. This area is called the "window". Imagine it as a small viewing area onto a large document, and the name will make sense. Let's type a little more, in order to demonstrate the word wrap feature. Type: It's not much different from using a typewriter, except that when you go past the right margin, Perfect Writer automatically enters a carriage return. Enter a carriage return to get to the beginning of the next line. We could go on typing lines of llowed by 'lesson1' when asked for the file to edit. TYPING AT THE COMPUTER KEYBOARD Perfect Writer has Dual Display Windows that will allow you to continue reading the Teaching Disk while practising what you learn in another window. To use the two windows, enter the TWO WINDOW command: C--X 2 {C--X 1 will return you to one window.} Then call up a new file by entering: C--X C--F and answering 'scratch.pad' when asked for the "File to Read :". This will proviut most typewriters" and the cursor is right after the "s" in "typewriters". We have seen that all text we type is entered at the cursor; now we have also seen that text we delete is deleted at the cursor as well. What if, as before, we discovered a word missing, only on the FIRST line this time? For example, let's suppose we wanted to change the sentence reading "This is a test." to "This is only a test." by adding the word "only". You certainly could type the DELETE key enough times This is a test. Notice that as you typed, what you were typing appeared at the top of the screen. At the end of the line you typed, right after the period, is a solid or blinking box or underline. This is called the "cursor". It is an indicator of where you are in your text. It functions just like the carriage of an ordinary typewriter, showing you where the next thing you type will appear. The next thing you type will be a carriage-return. As on an electric typewriter, hittitext, but sooner or later we would make a mistake. Let's make one now, on purpose. Type just the two words: But typewriterz and stop there. So much for our "error". The "z" in "typewriterz" should have been an "s". What do we normally do on a typewriter if we type a wrong letter? We use the erase key if it's a modern office typewriter, or else get the bottle of white-out. Perfect Writer has an erase key, too. Type the key labelled "DEL". Observe that the "z" in "typewritede you with a blank editing buffer in the top screen while allowing you to scroll the lessons in the bottom window with the: C--X C--V {Scroll other window down} C--X C--Z {Scroll other window up} The TWO WINDOWS command divides the screen into two equal size windows. Since the top window needs less space, we will increase the size of the bottom window. Enter the OTHER WINDOW command: C--X O {letter "O"} [you'll need to type C--V to scroll up] Use the META ng the carriage-return key puts you at the beginning of the next line. After the carriage-return, type another line: I am testing this word processor. and follow it with another carriage-return. Now you have a two-line document. Notice that the line at the bottom of the screen has not changed position throughout this typing. The entire screen of a computer does not move or scroll the same way that a paper would in a typewriter. Only the top portion of the screen will scroll uA      to erase all the way back, but it would be an awful waste of time, if we had to do it that way. The way we modify or add text in Perfect Writer is to "go" to the place in the text where we want text to be added or changed, and then type in whatever text we want there. In order to "go" somewhere, we move the cursor to that place on the screen. To get to the first line of text, we will move the cursor up five lines, one at a time. To make Perfect Writer move the cursor to the previous previous line. The cursor is now at the "B" in "But". What if we wanted to change "But most typewriters" to "Most word processors"? We have to erase the first three words, then insert the new text. So far, the only way you know to delete text is to use the DELETE key. But if you were to hit it now, it would delete the character you just entered, that is, the newline. We could, of course, type some Control F's to get the cursor past the words, and then type some DELETEs. But this would be cACTER", i.e., move the cursor forward one character. While still holding down the control key, type F until the cursor is under the word "a". If you type the Control--F too many times, simply type Control--B until you get to the right place. What you are doing now is an important form of interaction with Perfect Writer - issuing commands to move to "the right place", or "until the right thing has happened". Now the cursor is at the "a", and we wish to put the word "only" there. Simply typ do this with the NEXT LINE command: C--N {also use the down arrow key} Enter the NEXT LINE command five times. We are now on the right line. You will find that you are in the middle of the line, because Perfect Writer tries to keep you in the same "column" when going between lines. Type a few Control Fs to get to the end of the line. Now let's finish the sentence, "But most typewriters are old-fashioned." Enter the words: are old-fashioned. and surely enough line, enter the PREVIOUS LINE command: C--P {you may also use the up arrow key "^"} Now let us go up four more lines, to the first line. Hold down the control key again, and type "P" four times while holding it. Again, the cursor will jump up a line each time. Now that we are on the correct line for the change we wish to make, we can move around on that line to get to the correct place. We can move backwards on that line with the BACKWARD CHARACTER command: C--B umbersome. Instead, Perfect Writer has a DELETE NEXT CHARACTER command: "Control--D". Hold down the control key, and type "D" enough times to get rid of the words "But most typewriters". Notice that, as usual, the entire line is "swallowed up" and moves to the left as the characters disappear. Now type "Most word processors" to insert those words at the beginning of the line. Type a space after "processors", if you happened to delete the one to the right of "typewriters" earlier. Tae the four letters o, n, l, and y. You will watch Perfect Writer move the rest of the line over to make room for the new text, and you now have on that line: This is onlya test. with the cursor still under the "a". Immediately, we perceive a problem: there is no space between "only" and "a". This is simply because we did not enter one. Hit the space bar. Now we have: This is only a test. with the cursor still on the "a". We have now fixed the text. Note that in order to t, your entire text appears correct before you: This is only a test. I am testing this word processor. It's not much different from using a typewriter, except that when you go past the right margin, Perfect Writer automatically enters a carriage return. But most typewriters are old-fashioned. If you haven't already done so, type a carriage-return after the last sentence. Now the text has seven lines in it, and the last one is a blank line. Now type a "Control--P" to move up to the {also use the back arrow key "<--"} Hold down the control key. Now watch the screen, and press the "B" key several times, while still holding the control key. You will see the cursor move backwards, that is, to the left, one character position for each time you press the "B" key. We now want to move forward to the place after the word "is", in order to insert the word "only". Hold down the control key, and type the letter "F" several times. "Control--F" is the command for "FORWARD CHARype in the new word, "only", we did not have to say anything special, we just moved the cursor to the right place and started typing. Whenever we type a non-control character, it goes into the text at the position of the cursor, and moves the cursor over one to the right. Now we must go to the end of the document, where we had left off when we decided to add the word "only" to the first line. We can do this by going to the Next Line, and the Next Line, until we are where we want to be. We  ke a look at the "mode line" at the bottom of the screen again. The percentage mark is no longer zero, as it was when we started. This number just says roughly how far through the file the cursor is. It's not too useful when you can see your entire document on the screen as we can now, but for large text files, it's handy to know where you are. If you want more information you could enter the LOCATION command: C--X = Enter this command now, and observe what happens. Perfect Writer displaе character. Control--F Forward character. {forward arrow key "-->"} Control--B Backward character. {back arrow key "<--"} Control--N Next line. {down arrow key} Control--P Previous line. {up arrow key "^"} Control--X Control--C Quit the editor. Control--X 2 Create Two Windows. Control--X 1 Use One Window. Control--X = Status line. You have also learned some basic Perfect Writer vocabulary: cursor: The indicator which shows whe When you are done, you will have to leave the editor. This is done as follows: type a "Control X" followed by a "Control C" (C for "Command level"). To do this, hold down the control key, and type an "X" and a "C" while holding it. Perfect Writer will respond: Abandon modified buffer(s)? because you have done work that you have not saved. That's O.K. for now. Type "Y". Perfect Writer will return to the Main Selection Menu. If you want to continue with the Teaching Disk, then sys information on the file you are editing in the "echo line", the line just below the mode line. The information displays the Point in the text where the cursor is, how long the file is in characters, what column the cursor is in, and what line the cursor is on. Again look at the mode line. You'll see an asterisk at the right edge of the mode line which appeared there when you started typing. This asterisk means that the text which is on the screen is different from what you started with. It еre you are about to insert or delete text on the screen. window: The area which covers most of the screen, and which displays twenty to twenty-five lines of the text which you are currently editing. mode line: The line at the bottom of the screen which tells you (1) how far through the text you are and (2) whether the text on the screen has been changed since it was last saved. There are other pieces of information which the mode line provides; moelect option E and enter "B:lesson2".  Practice using the commands in this lesson until you are thoroughly familiar with t" (C for "Command level"). To do this, hold down the control key, and type an "X" and a "C" while holding it. Perfect Writer will respond: Abandon modified buffer(s)? because you have done work that you have not saved. That's O.K. for now. Type "Y". Perfect Writer will return to the Main Selection Menu. If you want to continue with the Teaching Disk, then sturns on in order to tell you that your text has not been saved anywhere, and that if you leave Perfect Writer without saving it, your work will be lost. We'll learn about saving the text we type in Lesson 3. To review what we've learned in Lesson 1 return to the OTHER WINDOW, and go back to ONE WINDOW mode by entering: C--X O and then C--X 1 You have just learned ten important Perfect Writer commands: DELETE Delete previous character. Control--D Delete nextre about those in Lessons 3 and 7. Practice using the commands in this lesson until you are thoroughly familiar with them. They are very important and useful commands. With these commands and one or two others, you can do just about anything you will ever be called upon to do. All the other commands just make it easier to do more complex things, but you can always move around and type in text with these. You may want to continue experimenting with the things you have just learned.A      Lesson 2: Moving Around Faster In this lesson we will be learning how to move the cursor around faster. Again, we need to use the Dual Display Windows. To use the Dual Display windows, enter the TWO WINDOW command: C--X 2 Then create a scratch pad by entering: C--X C--F and answering 'scratch1.pad' when asked for the "File to Read :". As before, this will provide you with a blank editing buffer in the top screen while allowing you to scroll the lessons to make the jump with less typing. Type the C--U. You will notice a message at the bottom of the screen saying "Argument:" appear, along with the number "4". Type a "6" (The number in the message will change to "6" also.), since the line we want is six lines above where the cursor is now. Then type a C--P. Six C--P commands in a row will automatically get executed. If we decided that this wasn't where we wanted to be, we could have typed "ESC..6 C--N", and gone down six lines just as easilyent to arise. Blackbird fly, Blackbird fly Into the light of the dark black night. by the Beatles Now, let's go back and make certain that the text is perfect. This should be a good chance to review, using C--P (Previous line), C--N (Next line), C--B (Backward character), C--F (Forward character), and C--D (Delete character). It won't take long to make it perfect -- it's easy to turn a draft copy into a final document, if you don't have to retype the whole thing every time there's a chystrokes. Instead, there is a command which moves to the beginning of the line: C--A. An easy way to remember that a C--A moves to the beginning of the line is that "A" is at the beginning of the alphabet, or that it is on the far left of the keyboard, and the cursor moves to the far left of the line. So, go ahead now and type a C--A, a C--N, and then type four C--Ds to delete the word, "Take", and then insert the word, "Wear", by simply typing it. Now type enough C--Ns to get back to the botto in the bottom window with the commands: ESC..V {Scroll other window down} ESC..Z {Scroll other window up} The TWO WINDOWS command divides the screen into two equal size windows. Since the top window needs less space, we will increase the size of the bottom window. Enter the OTHER WINDOW command: C--X O {the letter "O"} Use the ESCape REPEAT command and the ENLARGE WINDOW command (C--X ^) to increase the size of the bottow window by 4 lines. Enter: ESC..4 C--X ^ a. ESCape repeats anything. Anything? Yes. Type "ESC..10 *". Ten stars will appear in your text. Now type an ESCape, then type the number ten, and then type the DELETE key. They will all go away again. ESCape really does repeat anything. Why did the number four appear as the "Universal" repeat count each time before we typed in our number? If we hadn't typed a number, whatever character (control or otherwise) typed subsequently would have been repeated four times. This is the defaultange! In this lesson, we are going to change the text you just typed in and perfected. Changing this verse could be a real chore, if all we had were the commands we learned in Lesson 1. Moving one character at a time is slow, especially if we can see the place we want to get to in order to make a change. For example, how would you change the last word on the previous line? Typing C--P and lots of C--Fs could take a while. To illustrate a new command, let's change the word "nightm of the text. Notice that if you keep typing C--Ns, you still stop at the last line you entered. Similarly, if you type C--Ps when you are at the beginning of your text, you will just stay in the same place. Now that we're at the end of the text, what if we noticed that we wanted to change the first line? We could type a lot of C--Ps, one at a time. This is easy enough, but may be more time-consuming for longer "distances". The command C--U (for "Universal repeat count") will allow und then return to the top window with the OTHER WINDOW command: C--X O Let's begin by typing on the keyboard. Type the following text on to the screen, using Perfect Writer. Since the text is poetry of a sort, be sure to break the lines (type carriage returns) at the proper places. Use the DELETE key to correct some of the mistakes as you type it in. Blackbird singing in the dead of night. Take these broken wings and learn to fly. All your life You were only waiting for this mom" to "dawn". Type some C--Ps to position yourself on the proper line. Now type a C--E. C--E is the END OF LINE command, which moves the cursor to the end of the line. Now type in enough DELETEs to erase the word, "night". (Perhaps you will want to type some C--Bs to pass over the punctuation first.) Then type in "dawn". Now, suppose we wanted to change the word, "Take", at the beginning of the second line to the word, "Wear". We could type some C--Bs, but this would take a lot of ke   value. In addition to moving by characters, Perfect Writer has commands that allow you to move the cursor by words at a time. To move forward a word at a time use the FORWARD WORD command: ESC..F. Do that now. Type an "ESC..F", and see what happens on the screen. Try it again a few times. The ESC..F command stands for "Move forward a word". Let's change the word, "singing", to "whistling". Move to the top line of the screen (in whatever method is most convenient for you now) to the first of the text. There are two more quick-motion commands which you may find useful. These are ESC..A and ESC..E. They are similar to C--A and C--E, except that they move to the beginning and end of sentences rather than lines. Now you have a reasonably complete set of parallels for the control commands you learned in Lesson1: C--F Forward Character ESC..F Forward Word C--B Backward Character ESC..B Backward Word C--Dther than characters. Now that we've deleted the word with ESC..D, let's type in the word "dark". But look at the screen! Since we didn't type a space before the next word, the last two are run together. Why did the space between the words get deleted with ESC..D, but not with ESC..DELETE before? Just like the ESC..F command, the ESC..D command only knows about deleting to the end of the next word. So, if you are in front of a space which itself is in front of the next word, ESC..D willhed by typing a C--N and a C--E. Another way would be to see that it is the eleventh word after the ones we just typed in, and that it can be reached by typing ESC..10 ESC..F. However you get there, delete the word, using either ESC..D or ESC..DELETE, and insert the word "travel". If you used the ESC..DELETE command, you might have to type the period at the end of the line again, since it may have been eaten up in the backward deletion of the word. Suppose we wanted to insert the name of the line of text on the left-hand edge. (Use C--A to do this) Use the ESC..F command to skip past the word, "Blackbird", and then use it again to skip past the word, "singing". What the ESC..F command does is to move to the end of whatever word is in front of it. If you were in the middle of a word and typed ESC..F, you would go to the end of that word. To delete the word, you could type many DELETEs. But as you might have guessed, there is an ESC..command to do that, too. To delete words Delete Forward Character ESC..D Delete Forward Word DELETE Delete Backward Character ESC..DELETE Delete Backward Word C--A Beginning of Line ESC..A Beginning of Sentence C--E End of Line ESC..E End of Sentence ESC..< Beginning of Text ESC..> End of Text Experiment with these commands for a little while, until you are used to what they do and are able delete the space, too, since all Perfect Writer does is to delete until it reaches the end of the next word. Let's fix up the missing space by typing C--Bs until the cursor is on top of the "d" in "dark", and then typing a space. You may have noticed that we didn't mention an ESC..B (to go with C--B) above. Well, surely enough there is one. Type that now, and notice that the cursor jumps backward across the word, "the". Let's delete that word (either with C--D's or ESC..D), and type in th poem, "Blackbird", in the line with the author's name? We could type some C--Ns to get to the last line, but there is a quicker way. Type "ESC..>" (the Escape key, then a greater-than symbol). This, as you see, puts the cursor at the end of all the text. Now type a C--P to position the cursor at the beginning of the proper line, and insert a comma and the title. There is a command to move as far as possible in the other direction, too. Type "ESC..<", and you will move the cursor to the beginning, use the ESC..DELETE command. Type the Escape key, then type the DELETE key, and the word, "singing", will disappear. Now type in "whistling". Let's also change the word "dead" to "dark". To do that, move past the next two words (only TWO, the words "in" and "the") with the ESC..F command. Now let's delete the word, "dead", by using the ESC..D command. As you can now see, there are parallel commands for C--F (ESC..F), DELETE (ESC..DELETE), and C--D (ESC..D), all of which work on words rae words, "this lonely". Just so you know that you've gotten everything right this lesson, the first line should now read, "Blackbird whistling in this lonely dark of dawn". If it's not correct, take a minute to fix it up now using some of the commands you've learned in this lesson. Now let's change the word, "fly", in the second line to "travel". One easy way to do this would be to notice that the word, "fly", is at the end of the next line, almost below where we are now. It could be reac A      to remember most of them. When you are done and want to leave Perfect Writer, type "C--X C--C", as you did in Lesson 1. You'll learn more about what this and some of the other C--X commands are used for in the next lesson. If you want to go to the next lesson, just select option E from the Main Selection Menu, and enter "B:lesson3" when asked for the name of file to edit. Forward Word C--B Backward Character ESC..B Backward Word C--D cryptic names. What is the analogy of getting the file out and putting it on your desk? To Perfect Writer, this is called "reading" a file. Perfect Writer has an unusual way of manipulating it, though. Just as you would probably not mark up the originals of a report in your file folder, Perfect Writer does not usually change the contents of the file on the floppy disk. You would make a photocopy of your work, mark it up or change it, and then perhaps retype it and replace what was origiеfiles. You can see what files you have in a drawer either by leafing through them, or by looking at the short label on the front of the file drawer. There is a label space on each flexible disk which is similar to the one on the whole drawer, but how can you find out the names on each of the files? There is a computer program to do this for you. When you are not using Perfect Writer, and you have a disk drive prompt, just try typing "DIR" for Directory, and it will list the names of the files.еnally in the file folder. Perfect Writer does something similar: it "reads in" a copy of that file, and then lets you modify that copy. There is a command in Perfect Writer to save the work that you've been doing as the original again. This is analogous to putting your new work back into the file, and back into the file drawer. To Perfect Writer this is known as "writing" the file. In Perfect Writer, the part which performs the function of the working desk while we manipulate t Lesson 3: Reading, Writing, and Printing Files In this lesson, we introduce you to Perfect Writer's use of computer "files". Your computer's filing system is similar to the one you or I use. If you want to look at an old report, what do you do? You pull out the file from the filing drawer, and put it on your desk. To find a particular spot in the report, you page through it on your desk. You might change it or add something to it, then put it back into the file drawer. The ope Most files have two names, like "THISFILE.MSS", that is, a file name, then a dot, and then an extension. The first part (the filename) can't be longer than eight characters, and the second part (the extension) can be up to three characters long. For Perfect Writer, the extension ".MSS" (standing for ManuScript Source) is always used for document files. This is a lot more limited than what you can write on a file folder, so you can now understand why some computer files seem to have suchеrations are similar on the computer system. The only differences are the ways in which the "file drawers", "files", and "pages" work, and in the terms used. In this sense, you can think of the disk drive as the filing cabinet and each of the flexible "floppy disks" as a removable filing drawer. One of the properties of these disks is that they are only useful when put into the disk drive, which is not true of filing drawers and cabinets! On each of the disks, as in each of the drawers, are many   he file is the "buffer". Files are "read in" to the buffer, and they are "written out" back to the computer filing system. The computer terminal screen is a sort of window into that buffer, and we can move the window around with the control commands you have learned in previous lessons. Here are the commands: C--X C--F: Find the file in the computer filing system, and read it into the Perfect Writer buffer. ts special "swap file". If you go back to old pages or add new text to pages, they will generally be in memory, rather than on the stack in the page file. But, occasionally, the computer's memory will fill up, as would your desk if you kept looking at more and more pages. So, occasionally, Perfect Writer must write some of its old pages back to disk in order to make room for new ones. You will know this is happening by the click or buzz at the disk drives. There will also be read it in from, but occasionally, we will want to save it in a new file. (This is particularly true of a form letter that we modify slightly for a particular recipient and do not want to change the original.) After you type "C--X C--W", Perfect Writer will ask: File to Write : You can again type in the name of the file into which the text is to be written, followed by a carriage-return. Since writing files back out to the same place they were read from is such a commone named "A", "B", etc.) Some files get quite large. Computer files are no exception. Computer users just measure them in thousands of characters rather than in inches of paper. If you had a very large file to look at, you would never fit each page of paper side-by-side on your desk, so that you could see all of them at any instant. Instead, you would probably keep 5 or so pages spread out on your desk, and keep the rest in stacks, occasionally removing or adding a page on a stack.  C--X C--W: Write the file out from the Perfect Writer buffer back into the computer filing system. The C--X commands are a set of commands which are a little harder to type, because we need to be certain we want to execute them. Remember the "C--X C--C" command? It has the possibility of letting you out of Perfect Writer without having saved the work you've been doing. Therefore it's a little harder to type. The easiest way to remember whe a message printed at the lower right of the screen" "Swapping..." which means that Perfect Writer is exchanging a page on disk for a page in memory. This message will go away when the swap is complete. This swapping is part of the virtual memory architecture used by Perfect Writer to allow you to edit a document that is larger than your computer's memory. Why do you need to know all this? Well, occasionally you may have to wait for this page swapping to happen. Why? The computer operation, Perfect Writer allows you to avoid typing the entire file name each time you give the C--X C--W command. Rather than typing out the file name, just type a carriage-return. Perfect Writer will write the buffer out to the computer filing system under whatever name was last used in either a C--X C--F or C--X C--W command. How do you know where it will go without always remembering the file name you last used? Perfect Writer displays that file name in the "mode line". It looks something Similarly, many thousands of characters cannot all fit into your computer at once. Therefore, your buffers of text may not be completely residing in memory at once. Perfect Writer has a special file on disk (not related to the other files we've been talking about) which is similar to the stacks of paper you would keep on your desk. As you use each new page (thousand characters) of the text buffer you are editing, Perfect Writer will pull it out of the "stack of pages" by reading it from iat the C--X means is to imagine that these specialized commands are part of the "eXtended" command set. The "C--X C--F" command, in order to read a file, must know which file you want to read. When used, it will ask, in the echo line (the last line on the screen), for the name of the file you wish to read into Perfect Writer's buffer: File to Find : Similar things happen with the "C--X C--W" command. In general, we will want to write out the buffer back to the same file w like: Perfect Writer 1.03 (Fill) main A:-NAME.ME -0%- and the phrase "A:-NAME.ME" says what the default file name will be if we do not specify it. (You may have noticed the "B:" alongside the file name. This is due to the fact that computers, like people, have many filing cabinets. Just as you would tell someone that a file is in the "right-hand" filing cabinet, you must tell the computer in which disk drive to look for or store the file. The computer disk drives you will be using ar A      stops listening to the terminal keyboard for a short time when it swaps pages. In particular, when you are just beginning to work on a buffer of text which you read in via a C--X C--F command, pieces of the buffer will be paged in as you need them. This means that C--V's will occasionally take a little longer than usual and produce the "Swapping..." message. Once read in, though, the pages you use most (i.e., modify or go back to) will remain, and "page waits" will be less frequent. If yted file' option from the Main Selection Menu. If you have a simple document file, then you will usually just select option 'P', 'V' and then 'G'. Your document will then be printed. After your document is printed, Perfect Writer will return you to the Main Selection Menu. Don't worry about trying out the commands you have learned in this lesson. In the next lesson, you will get a chance to try out "C--X C--R". If you want, go to lesson4 by entering: C--X C--R and answert selection E allows you to create or edit a document. The selection you want now is F to format a file. When you select this option the menu program asks for the name of the file you wish to format or print. At this point you will simply supply the name of the file you wish to print (be sure to include the disk location of the file; i.e., "b:filename" if the file is on drive B). The menu will then transfer you to the 'Format Selection Menu' and present the following choices: ------t features, then this option will be all you need. 'O' This option allows you to change the name of your output file. 'V' allows you to print your file exactly as it appeared on the screen (in terms of margins, tabs and spacing). Perfect Writer provides a powerful set of formatting commands that should improve the ease and quality of your documents. When you learn these formatting commands and begin using them, you will not select this option, but will use the default "TEXTou stop using the keyboard for a little while, Perfect Writer may spend a little time "cleaning up" while you are idle. It will swap out pages you have modified, so that any page swapping which is done while you are actually doing work later will occur a little faster. Don't worry about this too much; when you start typing on the keyboard again, the intermittent house cleaning noises will go away. PRINTING FILES After you have finished preparing a document and saving it using the SAVE FILing "B:lesson4" when asked, 'File to Read :'. on the lessons diskette can be used with the document design lessons in you 'P', 'V' and then 'G'. Your document will then be printed. After your document is printed, Perfect Writer will return you to the Main Selection Menu. Don't worry about trying out the commands you have learned in this lesson. In the next lesson, you will get a chance to try out "C--X C--R". If you want, go to lesson4 by entering: C--X C--R and answer--------------------------------------------------- C - Send the output to the console device D - Format for a different device type P - Send the output to the printer device O - Name the output file differently V - Make the top level environment Verbatim G - Start formatting now X - Return to the top level of the menu --------------------------------------------------------- Let's examine the various options. The first choice 'C' prin" as the usual format environment. The text files on the lessons diskette can be used with the document design lessons in your manual to learn how to use the format commands. 'G' instructs Perfect Writer to begin executing all of the selections (if any) you have made. If you are printing a document with boldface or underline commands in it, then this may be your only selection. In this case, Perfect Writer will format your document and prepare it for printing using the 'Print a formatE Command, you are ready to print it. To print a document you will need to exit the editor (which you are in now) and return to the Main Selection Menu. The Main Selection Menu will present you with several choices: -------------------------------------------------------- E - Edit a file F - Format a file P - Print a formatted file --------------------------------------------------------- You have already learned thats your document to the console. This allows you to see what your finished document will look like before printing it. 'D' allows you to specify the printer you wish to use. If you want to use a printer besides the default simply select this option and supply the printer name. 'P' allows you to print your file. This is the quick print option. The limitation of the quick print option is that it does not support boldface, underline or microspacing. If you are not using these prin  еed to search backwards in the text from the current cursor position. The command is called "Reverse search for [ESC]", and is performed by C--R. All of the features of C--R are identical to C--S, except that, since it searches through the text in reverse, it puts the cursor at the beginning of the closest item that matches the string, rather than after it. Notice that the character string to be searched for is saved and is the same one for both C--R and C--S. So, you may find yourself typing  Go to the next window now. Go to the next screen with a C--V. Enlarge the bottow window with the ENLARGE WINDOW Command; ESC 4 C--X ^ Suppose someone has given you a draft for corrections, and somewhere in the middle has marked a phrase to be changed. It's easy to see it on paper, because the place is marked in red ink or the like. Now it is necessary to find that place in the computer memory. Certainly we could scan through the file lookingess [Escape] Now, do not type in any character string (word or words) to be searched for; just enter the C--S, and hit the Escape key right after the C--S. Notice the cursor jump to the next occurrence of the word "search". When you do not give the C--S command a new character string to look for, it searches for whatever you told it last time. What happens if there is no character string exactly like the one you type for C--S? Try it and see. Display the next window. е"C--S", a string, and the Escape, and then, if you hear a beep, typing "C--R Escape" because you know the string is in the text somewhere. Before leaving this lesson, experiment with the search command. If you want to continue with the next lesson, then enter: C--X C--F B:lesson5 Otherwise exit Perfect Writer by typing: C--X C--C and answer yes to the "Abandon Modified Buffers?" question. Do not save your modifications. tion, there is a "backward" search as well. It is us for the marked place using C--V's, but we can more quickly use the computer to search through the file to find the proper place. Try the search command now. Move the cursor to the other window by entering: C--X O (letter O) Then enter the command: C--S When Perfect Writer requests in the bottom line, "Search Forward For :, type "search". You will see it echoed at the bottom of the screen. After you have entered the word or string of words to search fo Do a search for a misspelled word. That is, do a search for "Control" but end it with "el". If there is no exact match of the word between the cursor and the end of the text, as you see, Perfect Writer will cause the terminal to display the phrase "Not Found"at the right of the echo line. The cursor will then stop at the closest match. As you may have observed from the action of the search command, it is a forward search. In addition, there is a "backward" search as well. It is us Lesson 4: Searching The first command we will learn in this lesson is the "search" command, "C--S". As you will not be able to use the C--V command to advance a screen while learning to use the search command, use the two windown command now to allow you to read and advance in one window while working in another window. Remember, you can move the cursor from one window to another by using the OTHER WINDOW Command, C--X O (letter "o") Enter the two window command: C--X 2 r, press the Escape key. This tells Perfect Writer to begin searching. {Press ESC..V to go to the next screen} A forward search begins at the character the cursor is on, continues until the searched-for item is found, and when it is, positions the cursor just after it. So, when you hit the Escape key, you may have seen the cursor jump to one of the occurrences of the word "search" in this lesson. If not, try it again. Enter the command: C--S Type: search Pr A      Lesson 5: Copying and Moving Text In this lesson, we are going to learn how to delete whole blocks of text, rather than characters or words, at a time. The command to delete lines is C--C. (C--C stands for "Cancel line".) Move the cursor to the first line of this paragraph with C--P or C--N. Now type a C--C. Whatever was on that line has disappeared. Now type another C--C. The line itself has disappeared, and all the other lines of text have been moved up. Now move the cursoly store your "most recent" block of text deletes, however. What determines what is "recent" and what is not? The plus-sign at the right of the mode line. If you are about to delete something larger than a character and the plus is not there, you will be clearing away whatever previous series of deletes you entered. In general, all this amounts to is that, if you give any movement commands or insert anything after deleting some text, you will "close off" the current group of deletes. (You will ion which C--W will wipe out is shown by where the cursor is in the text. The other end of the region is given by a "mark", which we will now learn how to set. The command which sets the invisible mark is Escape Space. Move the cursor to the beginning of some line in the middle of this paragraph. Type ESC..Space. Down in the echo line, you should see the message, "Mark Set." Let's wipe clear something bigger than a line. Move the cursor to the beginning of this paragraph, and set thether than copy it, just don't type the C--Y at the original position. See the description of the Copy Region command in the Perfect Writer User's Guide. C--W is not the only command which saves text in case you want to yank it back. C--C, ESC..D, and ESC.. all save text as well. IN GENERAL, IF YOU DELETE ANYTHING LARGER THAN A CHARACTER, PERFECT WRITER WILL SAVE IT FOR YOU in case you want to move or copy it (or undo a mistake!). As an example, move the cursor to tr to the first line of this paragraph, and move halfway into the line with C--Fs or ESC..Fs. Again, type a C--C. You will notice that only the part of the line to the right of the cursor was deleted. C--C deletes text, starting with the character which the cursor is resting on, and continuing until it reaches the end of the current line. In order to remove an entire line and its contents, you must type two C--Cs. You will find this command useful for retyping previously existing lines ofalso see the plus-sign go off.) Any C--Ys you type after this will retrieve that group. Any C--Cs, ESC..Ds, ESC..s, or C--Ws you do after this will clear away that group of deletes and start a brand new one. There is a command to "turn on the plus sign". This is used if you want to move groups of lines from several different places all to one place. Certainly you could do this manually, doing a few C--Cs, moving to the right place, doing a C--Y, going somewhere else, and doing som mark there by typing ESC..Space. Now move the cursor to the end of this paragraph, and type a C--W. You shouldn't be able to read this sentence any more! What if we make a mistake, and wipe out a huge block of text unintentionally? There is a command to retrieve the text which was just deleted, C--Y (for "Yank back deleted text"). Do that now: Type a C--Y, and the paragraph we just deleted should appear back where the cursor is now. Now, move the cursor down a few lines, and the beginning of this paragraph, and type a couple of C--C's. Notice that a "plus" sign has come on at the right edge of the mode line. This means that if you continue to type C--C's, the text deleted will be added on to whatever deleted text is already being stored. So, you can delete a region of text, with either an ESC..Space / C--W or with a series of C--C's (or even ESC..D's or some combination of all of these), and a C--Y will still yank the entire region back. Perfect Writer will on text, where you want to remove what the line (or the "rest" of the line, starting at the cursor) says, but want to replace it with something else. Typing many C--C's in a row could become burdensome, especially if you intend to delete an entire paragraph or chapter. Instead, Perfect Writer has a command (C--W) to wipe or delete an entire region of text. It is called the WIPE REGION command. In order to wipe clear a region of text, the text must first be marked off. One end of the regype C--Y again. Another copy of that text appears at the cursor. Type the C--Y again; the text should be replicated one more time. You've just learned how to copy or move text, all with one command, C--Y! To make a copy of some text, wipe it out (using ESC..Space and C--W) and immediately yank it back with a C--Y in that spot (i.e., without moving the cursor). Then, move the cursor to the spot where you would like the copy to appear, and type another C--Y. If you want to move a block of text ra  e C--Cs or a C--W, moving back to the right place, doing another Control Y, etc. It would be much easier to do C--Cs or C--Ws in all the various places, and then yank the whole thing back with a single C--Y. But we said earlier that movement away from the place of the text deleting or wiping causes the plus-sign to go off and the current bunch of deletes to be "closed off". The command to turn the plus sign back on is ESC..C--W. (This is your first "ESC..Control" command. Remember that you justng order, such as "tpye" instead of "type". To correct this, simply place the cursor on the second of the transposed characters, and enter C--T. Try this now on the "tpye" example. You can also correct transposed words with the ESC..T command. Practice this command on" text this". Place the cursor between "text this" and enter ESC..T. The result will be "this text" with the cursor at the end of "text". The next command we will learn deals with sentences. It is ESC..K, the "Delete seommands. When you're all done, type a C--X C--C, and answer "Y" for "yes" when Perfect Writer asks you if you want to abandon the text buffer without saving it. You do not want to alter the file "lesson5" for the next person. We'll learn more about text buffers and additional features available with C--Y and multiple buffers in Lesson 7.  plus in the mode line haone of the most useful and convenient features. Take your time and experiment enough to make sure that you understand these c Lesson 6: Text Processing Commands This lesson introduces commands which operate upon words, sentences, and paragraphs. For this lesson you should have some text to play around with, and it should have a few paragraphs. The text of this lesson is an ideal example. The first three commands we will learn are ESC..U, ESC..L, and ESC..C. All three work on words. ESC..U stands for "Uppercase word". ESC..L stands for "Lowercase word". ESC..C stands fo type ESC..C--W.) You can remember this command by its close relation with the commands C--W and ESC..W. As ESC..C--W is difficult to think about, there is no substitute for practice. Move to the beginning of this paragraph, and delete the text on the first line, in whatever manner is convenient. Then move to the last line. Notice that the plus in the mode line has gone off. Type an ESC..C--W to turn it on, then delete the text on the last line. Now move into the middle of what's left,ntence" command. ESC..K is similar to C--C; it saves what it kills, in case you want to do a C--Y. Also, just as a C--C typed in the middle of a line only kills forward to the end of the line, an ESC..K, if typed in the middle of a sentence, will only kill from that point to the end of the sentence. (If you are in the middle of a sentence and want to kill it all, beginning to end, type ESC..A (beginning of sentence, learned in Lesson 2), then ESC..K.) ESC..K can be fooled by abbreviatioеr "Capitalize word". Try each of these on some words. For example, if you had the word "Macpherson" and positioned the cursor on the "p", an ESC..C would produce "MacPherson", an ESC..L would leave the word unchanged, and an ESC..U would create "MacPHERSON". The word casing commands would have left the cursor on the space following the word. Another set of useful commands allows you to transpose characters or words. Often typing mistakes result in characters typed in the wro and type a C--Y. You will see both the first and last lines appear there at once. Experiment with all these commands for a while. Try doing C--Ws with the cursor both before and after the invisible mark you set, and observe the results. Deleting and yanking text is one of the more complicated features of word processing. However, once you understand it, it's also one of the most useful and convenient features. Take your time and experiment enough to make sure that you understand these cе A     ns because they have periods in them and hence look just like ends of sentences. But better too little deleted than too much. If ESC..K ever stops before you want it to, just type it again, and the "rest" of the sentence will disappear. Try a few ESC..Ks and then a Control Y to restore it all. You may notice that the last ESC..K will not delete the two spaces after sentence punctuation. It truly only deletes from where the cursor is to the next end-of-sentence which follows it. You may have tophs, perhaps, for example, text or quotes. To make one, make the indent column larger and the fill column smaller, the type the text and fill it with ESC..Q. Then, return the fill and indent columns to their original positions. (The standard settings are usually set by ESC..0 C--X . {period} and ESC.. 65 C--X F.) If you want to continue with the next lesson, select option E from the Main Selection Menu, and enter "B:lesson7" when asked the name of file to edit. Use the C--X C--C commandine started with a commercial at-sign ("@"). This is for compatibility with Perfect Writers "Document design" commands. Another command for dealing with paragraphs of text is ESC..Q. ESC..Q "fills" entire paragraphs of text, rearranging words and lines so that the right-hand margin is consistent. It allows you to keep the text neat. When modifying a previously existing paragraph, you may add or delete words without worrying about existing margins, because ESC..Qtab). Then just ESC..Q the second new paragraph. Similarly, to join and refill two paragraphs, merely delete the separator characters, and use ESC..Q. This can be particularly useful for modifying memorandanotice where the new right margin is. If you enter C--X F and repeat with the ESCape repeat command, it will set the fill column to that number. If you do not, it will set the fill column to wherever the cursor is at the time. Another useful command is " C--X . ". (That is, a C--X, clean up the extra spaces manually. The rest of the commands we will learn about in this lesson deal with entire paragraphs of text. The two simplest commands are ESC..P and ESC..N. They move to the beginning and end, respectively, of whatever paragraph you are in. (You can remember these commands, because they look very similar to ESC..< and ESC..>, which we learned in Lesson 2.) If you are in between two paragraphs and not really "in" either one, ESC..P will move to the beginning of  to exit. y a period.) This command sets the paragraph indentation column, and is used to indent an entire paragraph from the text and fill it with ESC..Q. Then, return the fill and indent columns to their original positions. (The standard settings are usually set by ESC..0 C--X . {period} and ESC.. 65 C--X F.) If you want to continue with the next lesson, select option E from the Main Selection Menu, and enter "B:lesson7" when asked the name of file to edit. Use the C--X C--C command can fix them up when you're done. Try filling a few paragraphs. (To make ESC..Q work on a particular paragraph, position the cursor anywhere in it, then type the ESC..Q.) If ESC..Q doesn't do anything to the text, then the paragraphs are already as well filled as they can be. Try inserting some extra text into a line and doing another ESC..Q. If you notice ESC..Q joining any paragraphs together, this is because they were not separated properly. ESC..Q uses the same paragraphing rules  followed by a period.) This command sets the paragraph indentation column, and is used to indent an entire paragraph from the left edge of the screen. This command is analogous to setting the left margin on a typewriter, but this margin is used only by the Text-filling commands. Type: ESC.. 10 C--X. and you will see the message "Indent Column = 10" appear in the echo line. Type an ESC..Q, and look at the results. The C--X. command is useful for making narrower paragrathe preceding paragraph, and ESC..N will move to the end of the following one. Try these a few times, at various places in the text. You may notice the cursor stop in places you didn't think were paragraphs, for example, in the middle of lists or in front of indented examples. So, what makes a paragraph? As far as these and all other Perfect Writer paragraph commands are concerned, a paragraph begins: (1) A blank line. (2) A line started by hitting the TAB key. (3) A las ESC..P and ESC..N do. If you want to make certain of how much text you are about to fill with ESC..Q, you can check to see where the edges are by typing ESC..P, then ESC..N, then (if you're satisfied that the boundaries are correct) ESC..Q. Of course, no harm is done if ESC..Q joins two groups of text which you desired as separate paragraphs. You can easily position yourself to where you want the new paragraph to occur and insert the proper separator (either a blank line or a leading   еnd to write the file without giving a filename, the text will be stored in a conspicuously named file. 5. Now type a C--X C--B again to see a new list of the text buffers. Notice that the list now shows two buffers. Going to a new text buffer did not delete the old one; it is just waiting for whenever you want to go back to it. 6. Do that now; type: C--X B lesson7 The Lesson 7 text will appear again. Note that C--X B didn't ask you if you wanted to create a new buffer, becal lessons, and if we wanted to edit two or three of them, making changes to one based upon the others, it would be nice to be able to read them all into Perfect Writer at the same time. Each file we choose to use could be read into one of Perfect Writer's buffers. Look at the mode line at the bottom of the screen. Notice the portion that says "lesson7: B:LESSON7". In the mode line, "lesson7" is the buffer name. Since we have multiple buffers for storing text, they must be named in somethe screen. The buffer list has been replaced by the original text again. There is a command to create a new buffer, the C--X B command. It stands for "Switch Buffers", and looks similar to the C--X C--B command, so you can remember them both fairly easily. We want to try this command now, so make notes on the steps to follow, because the screen will go blank. 1. Type: C--X B 2. Perfect Writer will ask you for the name of a buffer to use, by displaying a message in the echo linеause one by that name already existed. Type the C--X C--B command again, to list the buffers. Notice that there is an asterisk beside the "other" buffer. This means the same thing as the star on the mode line does: the text buffer hasn't been written out to a file since it has been modified. Now go to another new buffer, called "lesson5". Type: C--X B Perfect Writer responds in the echo line: "Switch to Buffer [CR]: " Enter: lesson5 [CR] (The "Y" is in answer to the way, just like files or disc drives. Buffer names may be from one to eight characters long. "lesson7" is the one you get automatically when you start Perfect Writer up. Each of these buffers of text also has a filename associated with it. In this case, the filename is "B:LESSON7". We talked about filenames in Lesson 3. There is a command which will list on the screen what buffers of text currently exist. This command is C--X C--B, the "Buffers Directory" command. Try it now. Typee. Type in the name "other", followed by a carriage-return. 3. Perfect Writer will ask you if you want to create a new text buffer. We do, so type a "Y" to answer yes. Now the screen will be devoid of text. 4. Look at the mode line, and notice that the buffer name is now "other". We moved into a brand new text buffer, which has no characters in it. The filename in the mode line associated with this buffer is called "NAME.ME". This is so that, if you mistakenly type a C--X C--W comma Lesson 7: Multiple Buffers You may remember the word "buffer" from Lesson 3, when we learned how to read and write files from the text buffer. As you recall, we said that the buffer was a place for storing the text while we manipulated it, and that files were copied into it and replaced from it. Perfect Writer has more than one buffer for manipulating text. This can be handy when you are working on several files at once. For example, this training diskette is made up of sever: C--X C--B You should see a display at the top of the screen, overwriting whatever text was there before. The text is not gone, just momentarily not displayed; this is an exception to the rule that what you see on the screen is what is in your document. Take a quick look at the display line with the buffer list on it. It has the name, lesson7, a number which tells how many characters are in the buffer of text, and the file name, "B:LESSON7". Type an ESCape C--L now to redisplay  A      question asking if we want to create a new buffer.) Now that you're in the "lesson5" buffer, read in the file containing Lesson 5. Type: C--X C--R B:LESSON5 The text will appear (if you got the file name right) and the mode line will now have a section saying "lesson5: B:LESSON5". Type a C--X C--B again to get a buffer directory listing, if you like. It is usually quite useful to have the buffer name be the same as the first half of the file name which Perfect Writer usas been moved or scrolled up one screenful (which is now about 10 lines because the size of the screen has been divided). It is also possible to scroll back down a screenful in the other window with the view Previous Screen (Other Window) command, ESC..Z. Use this command to return the bottom screen to its original position, enter: ESC..Z The window on the bottom screen has returned to its original position at the beginning of the file. To return to the One Window display, enter the One d then did a Find File, you would want to see the modified version. Try it now. Type: C--X C--F B:LESSON5 Note that this puts you back in the "lesson5" buffer. Try: C--X C--F name.me This puts you into the buffer called "other", with its original file name. So, C--X C--F always does an automatic C--X B command for you, either to a buffer which contains the file name you want, or to a new buffer into which it reads the file. It effectively prevents you from everture is that it allows you to see two different buffers on the screen at the same time. So let's read a different buffer into this bottom window with the Find File command, C--X C--F. Begin by listing the Buffer Directory. Enter: C--X C--B This provides a directory of current file buffers. Read a different file into the lower window with the Find File command, C--X C--F. Let's read in file buffer "lesson4". Type: C--X C--F B:LESSON4 The "lesson4" buffer is now viewedes. We just accomplished that by creating a buffer with a name appropriate to the file we were about to read in. But Perfect Writer can do this automatically for us. The command C--X C--F (for "Find File") will read in a file, in the same manner as C--X C--R, but will automatically create a buffer of the appropriate name for it. Try it now. Type: C--X C--F Perfect Writer will respond: "File to Read [CR]:" Enter: B:LESSON4 The mode line will now say "lesson4: B:LESSWindow command, C--X 1. Do that now. Enter: C--X 1 The bottom screen display has been cleared and the full one window screen is used for the current buffer file. Do a C--X C--B to see what text buffers and files you have again. There are certainly a lot of unneeded buffers, so let's get rid of some of those old buffers. The command to do this is C--X K (for "Kill buffer"). Type: C--X K lesson4 This will delete the buffer called "lesson4", which contains the  having to remember whether of not you had read in a file. Just use C--X C--F all the time. With all these buffers, it would useful to be able to view more than one buffer at a time. Perfect Writer has a split screen feature which allows you to view the contents of two buffers simultaneously. This feature allows you to compare the contents of separate buffers on the same screen. The split screen is created by the "Two Window" command C--X 2. When you enter this command, the screen is di in the bottom window while the "other" buffer is viewed through the top window. It is possible to switch to the other buffer using the other buffer command, C--X O. Do that now, type: C--X O The cursor is now in the top window where the "other" buffer is viewed. It is possible to scroll through the bottom window, while the cursor is in the top window, with the view Next Screen (Other Window) command, ESC..V. Try this command now, enter: ESC..V The file in the bottom buffer hON4", and the text of Lesson 4 should be on the screen. The C--X C--F Find File command does just a little more than automatically selecting a "nice" buffer name. It will look through all the Perfect Writer buffers you have to see if the file you want to find has already been read into a text buffer before. If so, it just switches to that buffer, rather than creating a new one and reading in the file. This is usually what you want; if you had made changes to a buffer containing a file anvided into 2 parts with a line across the middle. Both windows will contain the same buffer with the cursor in the top window. Give the Two Window command now. Enter: C--X 2 You can switch the cursor from the top window to the bottom window with the Other Window command, C--X O {the letter O stands for Other}. Do that now; go to the Other window on the buffer by entering: C--X O {Enter the letter 'o'.} The cursor has now switched to the other window. The value of the split-screen fea  file "lesson4". Be sure to remember the difference between a buffer and file. C--X K and C--X B work with buffer names, while C--X C--F, C--X C--R, and C--X C--W all work with file names. Do a C--X C--B again, and notice that the buffer named "lesson4" is no longer there. Now type: C--X C--B Then type: C--X K other This command is intended to delete the buffer called "other", which just happens to be the one on your screen now. Perfect Writer will not delete a buffer whiwell as computer programs). You are now ready to use a very powerful word processor. --Y to yank the text back. It should nееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееon command (or C--W wiping or ESC..W copying mechanism) to move or copy text from one place to another in a file. This method works on multiple files in separate buffers as well. You can delete text in one buffer, do a C--X B command to another buffer, and Yankback the deleted text in the new buffer. If you are using the split screen feature, then you can delete text in one window, switch to the Other Window, and Yankback the deleted text into the separate buffer in the other window. Let10) C--N down to the line before the start of the first paragraph. (11) C--Y to yank the text back. It should now be the first paragraph of Lesson 5. (12) C--X 1 to see the results. Don't forget that the text is still yankable again; you may want to go back to the other buffer and copy it back in with a C--Y. We have learned some commands in this lesson which you might not use at first. Sooner or later, though, you will be using them regularly. If youch we are currently working on, and so it asks us which buffer we would like to go to instead. Type "name" followed by a , and Perfect Writer will then switch you back to the "name" buffer (which has the Lesson 7 text in it), and try to delete the "other" buffer. But there is another message at the bottom of the screen: Perfect Writer will ask you if you are sure that you want to kill the buffer, because it has some text (those few characters) in it which has not been writе's work through an entire example in detail. This is a chance for us to review some of the many commands that you have learned in Lessons 5, 6, and 7. The task is to take the first paragraph of this text, Lesson 7, and make it the first paragraph of Lesson 5. The buffer which we are now in, "name", contains the file "lesson7". The other buffer, "lesson5", contains the file "lesson5". (1) ESC..< to the beginning of lesson7. (2) C--N down to the first line of the paragraph.  get into the habit of using C--X C--F to read in a file initially, you will find it easier to use the multiple buffers later if you need to. Experiment some more with buffers and moving text back and forth among them, using the split screen display. When you exit Perfect Writer with the C--X C--C command, be sure NOT to write out the buffers, so that Lessons 5 and 7 are intact for the next person to use them. This lesson concludes our series on the use of Perfect Writer to edit text files (as ten out to (i.e., saved on disk) since the changes were made. (Remember the star in the C--X C--B listing and at the right end of the mode line now?) Answer "Y" for yes, and let Perfect Writer delete the buffer. You can check this out with a C--X C--B listing if you like. What advantages does using several buffers have besides allowing you to look at several files back and forth? It allows you to move or copy text from one buffer to the other as well. In Lesson 5, we used the delete regi (3) ESC..Space or the Mark Set command your computer uses to set the mark at the beginning of the first line. (4) ESC..N to get to the end of the paragraph. (5) C--W to wipe out the paragraph. (6) C--X 2 to create Two Windows. (7) C--X O to switch to Other buffer. (8) C--X B lesson5 to go to buffer "lesson5". Answer Yes to create new buffer and use C--X I to insert B:LESSON5. (9) ESC..< to the beginning of that buffer. (A     @address(Your Address Anytown, Anystate ZIP) @flushleft(Dear [Your Friend's Name]) Surprise! Here's a letter to you in the middle of the day. Actually it's just a practice letter. What I'm doing is testing my new word processor, Perfect Writer. Of course, you know I've had word processors before, but let me tell you, Perfect Writer is different! (Wow! What a difference! Where has this thing been all my life?!) Let me tell you about it: It includes all the standard writing and edi (Perfect Writer MUST be easy to learn if in just one morning I've learned to do all this!) Whew! This is some letter. You can see how enthusiastic I am. I guess for the first time in a long time I feel that I'm learning some new and valuable skill--because these computers are here to stay. (As far as I'm concerned they didn't get here a moment too soon!) I could go on, but listen, why don't you drop over and I'll @b(show) you what Perfect Writer will do. I'm sure you'll want to get Pe commands allow you to instantly view any part of the document you wish, no matter how long it is. It is utterly fantastic. As far as printing goes, Perfect Writer offers two print options. The first is just your basic printer, which will quickly produce on paper whatever you've just created on the screen. However, when you need to get fancy and 'perfect', especially with long documents (Oh, don't you love to type LONG documents over and over again!), Perfect Writer offers a system that lt century...! But to top it off, Perfect Writer is EASY TO LEARN! The people I got it from (Perfect Software, Inc. of Berkeley, California) claim that it is the most advanced word processing system available, written in the most advanced computer language and modeled after a powerful word processor that until now has only been available on large computers. This scared me at first because I imagined I'd have to go through some awful process of learning a complicated computer language--you knoting features you might expect on a word processor: a variety of commands that quickly and easily move the cursor; simple procedures for inserting and deleting text; safe and convenient routines for storing the material you've just created. Besides this it offers several really wonderful features I haven't seen before, like: the ability to divide the screen into two separate parts, each of which can hold a different document. Using this 'split-screen' you can edit one letter based upon inforrfect Writer working for you too. @address(Yours,)ase with Perfect Writer. Even though it has a large and flexible set of You can see how enthusiastic I am. I guess for the first time in a long time I feel that I'm learning some new and valuable skill--because these computers are here to stay. (As far as I'm concerned they didn't get here a moment too soon!) I could go on, but listen, why don't you drop over and I'll @b(show) you what Perfect Writer will do. I'm sure you'll want to get Peiterally does the formatting for you. No more having to set tabs, margins, indentions, or to keep track of paging footnotes, index entries--all that stuff! All you do is tell Perfect Writer, using a brief, easily understood command, how you want to format any particular portion of text: as a list, a chapter heading, a footnote, a quotation, an address, an indented 'example'--there are more than 50 formatting options provided. Perfect Writer automaticaly does what needs doing--centers it, bw, something like 'Fortran'. But this wasn't the case with Perfect Writer. Even though it has a large and flexible set of commands, they're not difficult to learn. In fact, for what they accomplish, they're a lot more understandable and sensible than most other systems I've seen. Too, the instruction manual that comes with Perfect Writer is READABLE! I can actually understand what they're talking about, and it's completely indexed so that I can find answers quickly if I have a question. mation in another. You can even transfer sections of text between the two. Or you can use the two screens to compare two different versions of the same text to see which is better. Can you imagine all that?! But there's more. . . . Perfect Writer uses something called 'virtual memory', which means that you don't have to worry any more about how long the document is that you want to create. With Perfect Writer you can produce anything from a ten-line memorandum to a book! As well, cursoroldfaces it, underlines it, indents it, italicizes it, numbers it, single- or double-spaces it--whatever! Any changes you might make later are automatically incorporated--say, if you add another footnote or an extra chapter section. These changes are automatically reflected in the Table of Contents and alphabetized index which Perfect Writer automatically produces. Can you believe all this? I know that this description must make you think that Perfect Writer is something out of the twenty-firs  еее @b{This is boldface.} @u{This is underscore (type u).} @un{This is underscore (type un).} @ux{This is underscore (type ux).} @i{This is italic.} This is a test of the Perfect Printer super- and sub-scripting commands. Here is a @+{super} and a @-{sub} script. Is there enough vertical space around them? Here is some more text just to be sure we can see what's happening. еееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееPERFECT SPELLER Perfect Speller is an automatic proofreader which checks your text against an equivalent 50,000 word dictionary. After editing a text in Perfect Writer a simple keystroke command and the text is checked against Perfect Speller's dictionary for mismatches. It's as simple as that. jJ§bЦ"љ$7ѕряK–Dfile A:DDLES1.MSSreряK–Dfile A:DDLES1.MеееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееA      @verbatim{The improvement in human knowledge and survival potential following the invention of writing was immense. (There was also an improvement in self-reliance: It is possible to learn at least the basics of an art or a science from a book and not be dependent on the lucky accident that there is a nearby master craftsman to whom we may apprentice ourselves.} When all is said and done, the invention of writing must be viewed not only as a brilliant innovation but as a surpassing good for hu@PAGEFOOTING() @Include(b:ADDRESS.mss) @Flushleft(Robert Hemingway 1234 Main Street Centerville, IL 60601) @Flushleft(Dear Mr. Hemingway:) Thank you for your recent letter and comments about Perfect Writer. We are delighted to receive such comments, and as you can tell, we too are pleased with the software engineering advances embodied in Perfect Writer. You mentioned an interest in Perfect Speller and our family of related software. Let me briefly tell you about each. @Include(b:SPEееmanity. I believe the same will be said of those who are today devising computers and programs at the edge of machine intelligence. The next major structural development in human intelligence is likely to be a partnership between intelligent humans and intelligent machines (from The Dragons of Eden by Carl Sagan, pages 224-5). @COMMENT{TEXT1.MSS} -----------------------l is said and done, the invention of writing must be viewed not only as a brilliant innovation but as a surpassing good for huLLER.mss) @Include(b:FILER.mss) @Center(Again, we appreciate your kind words.) @Closing[Sincerely, Don Cochran] @COMMENT{TEXT3A.MSS} eЉfun. . . ." to a new position as the first sentence of the secondЉparagraph, just before "The commands are eents, and as you can tell, we too are pleased with the software engineering advances embodied in Perfect Writer. You mentioned an interest in Perfect Speller and our family of related software. Let me briefly tell you about each. @Include(b:SPE@PAGEFOOTING() @address(Perfect Software, Inc. 1400 Shattuck Avenue Berkeley, CA 94709) @Flushleft(Robert Hemingway 1234 Main Street Centerville, IL 60601) @Flushleft(Dear Mr. Hemingway:) Thank you for your recent letter and comments about Perfect Writer. We are delighted to receive such comments and, as you can tell, we too are pleased with the performance of Perfect Writer. Your suggestions and comments are very useful. Thanks again for your consideration. @Center(Be sure to seееe our other software!) @Closing[Cordially, Don Cochran] @COMMENT{TEXT2.MSS} ickly and easily anywhere in the doc Main Street Centerville, IL 60601) @Flushleft(Dear Mr. Hemingway:) Thank you for your recent letter and comments about Perfect Writer. We are delighted to receive such comments and, as you can tell, we too are pleased with the performance of Perfect Writer. Your suggestions and comments are very useful. Thanks again for your consideration. @Center(Be sure to se  еr. dual display@\Allows you to divide the screen into two parts, each showing a different document. @END(DESCRIPTION) We hope this very brief description encourages you to take a closer look at all the numerous features of @VALUE(SUM). @COMMENT{TEXT4.MSS}he advanced features you would expect to find in expensive word processors, such as: @BEGIN(ENUMERATE) The full rееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееf related software. Let me briefly tell you about each. @Include(b:SPELLER.mss) @Include(b:FILER.mss) @Center(Be sure to see our software at your local computer store!) @Closing[Cordially, Don Cochran] @COMMENT{TEXT3B.MSS}"The commands are eighted to receive such comments and, as you can tell, we too are pleased with the software engineering advances embodied in Perfect Writer. You mention an interest in @Message(What software is client interested in?) @Include(CON:) and our family o@PAGEFOOTING() @BEGIN(FLUSHLEFT) @STRING(SUM = "Perfect Writer") To: Personal Computer Users From: Perfect Software, Inc. Subject: Features of @VALUE(SUM) @END(FLUSHLEFT) @CENTER(--------------------------------------------------) Perfect Writer has the advanced features you would expect to find in expensive word processors, such as: @BEGIN(ENUMERATE) The full range of @VALUE(SUM) formatting options that allow you to automatically format letters, outlines, form letters, memorandum, artеееicles, books or other types of documents. Full cursor controls that allow you to move quickly and easily anywhere in the document in order to: @ITEMIZE(insert delete search, search and replace, and search and replace with query) @END(ENUMERATE) What makes @VALUE(SUM) unique, however, are the features you won't find in other word processors costing many times its price, such as: @BEGIN(DESCRIPTION) virtual memory@\Allows you to edit a full length novel as easily as you would edit a lette@PAGEFOOTING() @Include(b:ADDRESS.mss) @Flushleft[ @Message(Enter full name and address:) @Include(CON:)] @Flushleft[Dear @Message(Enter first name:)@Include(CON:):] Thank you for your recent letter and comments about Perfect Writer. We are delighted to receive such comments and, as you can tell, we too are pleased with the software engineering advances embodied in Perfect Writer. You mention an interest in @Message(What software is client interested in?) @Include(CON:) and our family oеA      @STYLE(paperwidth = 9 inches) @STYLE(paperlength = 4 inches) @STYLE(topmargin = 1 lines, bottommargin = 1 lines, leftmargin = 1 characters, rightmargin = 1 characters) @STYLE(headerspacing = 0 lines, footerspacing = 0 lines) @PAGEFOOTING() @FLUSHLEFT( Perfect Software, Inc. 1400 Shattuck Avenue Berkeley, CA 94709) @BLANKSPACE(8 lines) @ADDRESS( Robert hemingway 1234 Main Street Centerville, IL 60601) @NEWPAGE @COMMENT{TEXT5.MSS}}N:]) @COMMENT{TEXT5.MSS}to be repeated if ADDRESS .MSS CRC = 23 CE ADVINTRO. CRC = 68 AF EDITME1 .MSS CRC = 8E C6 EDITME2 .MSS CRC = BF 12 EDITME3 .MSS CRC = 2C 64 FILER .MSS CRC = 0F 9F KAYPRO .LRN CRC = 25 60 LESSON0 . CRC = E6 5F LESSON1 . CRC = 69 EE LESSON2 . CRC = 30 63 LESSON3 . CRC = 09 F2 LESSON4 . CRC = 60 51 LESSON5 . CRC = 6C B1 LESSON6 . CRC = 80 DC LESSON7 . CRC = E1 94 LETTER1 .MSS CRC = AA 6B SPELLER .MSS CRC = B6 6F TEST .MSS CRC = 74 29 TEXT1 .MSS CRC = 7B 77 TEXT2 .MSS CRC =еe!), but if the data contained therein is itself secret or valuable, detection is not as important as prevention. Theft of off-line media (e.g. backup tapes) is almost as easy to detect, ... @COMMENT{TEXT6.MSS}maintaining computer room security. Tеееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееееее 08 8D TEXT3A .MSS CRC = FE 7B TEXT3B .MSS CRC = 94 BB TEXT4 .MSS CRC = 24 FB TEXT5 .MSS CRC = B5 C2 TEXT6 .MSS CRC = 7F C8 63 LESSON3 . CRC = 09 F2 LESSON4 . CRC = 60 51 LESSON5 . CRC = 6C B1 LESSON6 . CRC = 80 DC LESSON7 . CRC = E1 94 LETTER1 .MSS CRC = AA 6B SPELLER .MSS CRC = B6 6F TEST .MSS CRC = 74 29 TEXT1 .MSS CRC = 7B 77 TEXT2 .MSS CRC =@PAGEFOOTING(center "@Ref(Chapter)-@Value(Page)") @CHAPTER(Computer System Security) @SECTION(Physical Security) @SUBSECTION(Computer Room Security) @INDEX(computer room security)There are three basic reasons for maintaining computer room security. These are: @ENUMERATE[Preventing access to the computer itself. Preventing access to the data physically contained in the computer. Preventing access to the communication lines leading out of the computer.] @PARAGRAPH(Computer access) There are siееmple reasons to keep people away from the computer itself: a vandal can physically destroy the equipment or disrupt the service it provides. Either can be costly, but both are easily discovered (after the fact!). @PARAGRAPH(Physical data access) Where there is a computer, there are usually disk and tape drives and the storage media they use in close proximity. 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